人體遺骸類考古遺產的收藏保護倫理芻論—以肯納威克人遺骨為例

在現代考古學的發展歷程中，以墓葬為主的考古遺產混雜著「挑戰後裔社群對先祖的精神寄託」、「剝奪後裔社群對先祖物質和精神遺產的繼承」與「私人財產轉化為國家財產」、「私人專享轉為公眾共用」等多維面向，尤其突顯為「族裔物質財富和精神寄託」與「國家的社會共用科學資源」之兩維面向。外顯為「歸葬」與「科學研究」之爭的肯納威克人遺骨案例，實為原住民的現生利益與科學發現及研究權間的較量。全面考察這一典型案例，本文認為商談倫理的「可普遍化原則」和「話語倫理學原則」對破解人體遺骸等考古遺產的收藏保護倫理困境，具有以下3個思考面向：一則明確產權，理順合法收藏者和保護者，兼顧相關後裔社群之利益；二則秉承「古為今用」的遺產保護利用方針，明晰遺產收藏和保護的終極目的，為「科學研究」營造適宜的社會氛圍；三則搭建開放、開明、對話、共商的合作平臺，邀請後裔社群的參與，以促進公共領域增進知識，促進人類社會發展與進步。

關鍵字

人體遺骸；考古遺產；收藏保護倫理；商談倫理；肯納威克人遺骨

並列摘要

In the development process of modern archaeology, tomb-related archaeological heritage possesses multiple dimensions, such as the challenge to spiritual blessings from ancestors to decedents, deprivation of decedents' inheritance to the material and spiritual heritage of ancestors, transfer of personal property to the nation state, and public sharing of privately owned property. In the case of Kennewick Man, there is a notable two-sided dimension, namely a community's material fortune and spiritual sustenance and scientific resources shared by the public. On the surface, the conflict in the Kennewick Man case was between reburial and scientific study. On a deeper level, it was a debate between the present interests of indigenous peoples and the right to scientific study. From the perspective of discourse ethics, the principles of universalism and discourse ethics can be applied to resolve the ethical dilemmas of this case. Firstly, ownership, legitimate collector, and conservator must be defined with consideration given to the interests of the decedent community. Secondly, while abiding by heritage protection policy of making the past serve the present, the ultimate goal of collecting and preserving heritage must be made clear to create the proper social atmosphere for scientific study. Thirdly, platforms for cooperation should be established, based on openness and dialogue, to invite the participation of decedent community and to promote the advancement of knowledge in the public sphere.