確定給付制退休金計畫評估指標以及其在台灣之應用

Evaluation Indicators for Defined Benefit Pension Plans and an Application to Plans in Taiwan

黃泓智(Hong-Chih Huang) ； 李永琮(Yung-Tsung Lee) ； 郭又瑄(Yu-Hsuan Kuo)

《管理學報》 39卷3期 (2022/09) Pp. 357-381

https://doi.org/10.6504/JMBR.202209_39(3).0006

摘要

本研究建立涵蓋財務面、老年經濟安全、公平性與經濟面之退休金計畫評估指標，以提供重要資訊，協助進行跨計畫比較，並可作為年金改革時決策之參考及溝通之工具。我們對勞保、國保、公保、公務人員退撫新制以及勞退新制進行實證，結果發現：（1）勞保在清償能力指標顯著不如其它計畫，揭露出勞保財務問題的急迫性；（2）國保給付僅約9,500元，如能將國保與勞保整併，未就業之國民以最低基本工資納保，可改善參與者老年經濟安全；（3）世代公平性指標F-G指出財務健全對於世代公平的重要性；公保接近足額提撥，世代差異最小；（4）在職業公平性指標F-O方面，公保指標數值最低。（5）勞保個人公平性指標F-I最大，若提高個人保費負擔比例可強化勞保財務狀況，同時平衡計畫間之個人公平。（6）經濟面指標指出勞保若有無法清償或年金改革等事件對於社會的影響最深遠。

關鍵字

退休金 ； 年金改革 ； 世代公平 ； 退休金指標

並列摘要

This study presents a pension evaluation indicator model that provides a pension plan's critical information in terms of solvency, economic security, fairness, and economics. The proposed indicator model is helpful for making cross-plan comparisons, for policymaking, and for government communication. An empirical study using the model finds the following: (1) The solvency indicator of the Labor Insurance is the lowest, indicating the scheme's financial emergency. (2) Merging the National Pension Insurance into the Labor Insurance and covering unoccupied nationals with a minimum monthly wage could improve the economic security of pensioners insured under the National Pension Insurance. (3) The intergenerational fairness indicator F-G indicates the importance of financial soundness; the Civil Servant and Teacher Insurance is nearly fully funded and has the smallest generational differences. (4) The Civil Servant and Teacher Insurance has the lowest interoccupational fairness indicator F-O. (5) The Labor Insurance has the highest interindividual fairness indicator F-I. Raising the proportion of the premium paid by the insured person can improve the financial status of the Labor Insurance and balance interindividual fairness across plans. (6) The economic indicator reveals the significant and far-reaching social impact of an insolvency event or reform of the Labor Insurance.

並列關鍵字

pension ； pension reform ； intergenerational fairness ； pension index

參考文獻

Cotter, J., Blake, D., & Dowd, K. 2012. What should be done about the underfunding of defined benefit pension schemes? A case study of Ireland. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2403242 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2403242. Accessed January 20, 2022.

OECD, 2019. Pensions at a glance 2019: OECD and G20 indicators. https://doi.org/10.1787/b6d3dcfc-en. Accessed January 20, 2022.

毛治文與沈中華，2010。金融發展與經濟成長－退休金的角色。證券市場發展季刊，第二十三卷第一期：43-80。(Mao, C. W., & Shen, C. H. 2010. Financial development and economic growth- the role of pension system. Review of Securities and Futures Markets, 23(1): 43-80.)

王靜怡與鄭清霞，2016。我國勞保老年年金世代年金權益探討：從世代會計觀點。社會政策與社會工作學刊，第二十卷第二期：83-124。(Wang, C. Y., & Cheng, C. H. 2016. The pension equity of the Labor Insurance old-age pension benefit in Taiwan: On generational accounting. Social Policy & Social Work, 20(2): 83-124.)

王儷玲、黃泓智、楊曉文、陳彥志與鄭惠恒，2017。年金改革與建立臺灣永續年金制度。臺灣經濟預測與政策，第四十八卷第一期：1-39。(Wang, J. L., Huang, H. C., Yang, S. S. W., Chen, Y. C., & Cheng, M. H. H. 2017. Pension reform and building a sustainable pension system in Taiwan. Taiwan Economic Forecast and Policy, 48(1): 1-39.)