Studies of Ming-Qing Chinese medical history have largely focused on ruyi, literally, "Confucian doctors", and on shiyi, literally. "doctors by family training". This article, however, focuses on "self-made doctors", i.e., those who embarked on the medical profession out of their own initiatives. Part One of the article lists fourteen types of motivations for the self-made doctors to embark on the medical profession. Part Two explores the processes of their studies, looking into issues such as what kind of books they read, and how they overcame difficulties in comprehending the medical texts. Part Three examines the professional lives and reputations of these "self-made doctors." The article concludes with the observation that although the literati and book owners had a monopoly over the discursive power of the medical profession, the reputation and status of the doctors were decided by an open market. Compared with other groups of doctors, the "self-made doctors" were not disadvantaged.
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