共生概念的哲學考察－基於星雲大師有關共生的思考與實踐

A Philosophical Investigation on the Concept of Symbiosis- Based on Venerable Master Hsing Yun's Thoughts and Practice about Symbiosis

孫國柱(Sun Guozhu)

《《人間佛教叢書》2014星雲大師人間佛教理論實踐研究(上)》 2014 (2014/12) Pp. 202-233

摘要

本文對當下流行的「共生」詞彙，給予了力所能及的考察。第一部分，在中西語境中探討「共生」概念的基本含義以及演變歷程。第二部分，是對共生概念可能具有的哲學內涵給予重點性考察，可以發現，共生概念最大的思維優勢就在於它存在於激烈的矛盾之中，可以導致主體層面的新生，也就是「同體共生」。第三部分，對與共生有關的類似概念（共同、共通以及共和）進行了考察，經過對比可知，共同、共通、共和，當然也包括共生，這些概念各有特定的內涵，不能簡單地混淆使用。這有利於進一步廓清共生概念的使用邊界。第四部分，根據上文的分析，總結出共生思維具有的三種價值，即對話價值，實踐價值以及願景價值，這實際上是對共生思想重要性的論述。筆者認為，共生思想，能夠最好地代表這個時代的精神，對症下藥，適得其時，實際上是繼自由、平等、民主和博愛等價值之後，重新確立的時代價值典範。第五部分，筆者對星雲大師有關「共生」的思想與實踐予以個案考察，可以得出結論，星雲大師對於共生概念不僅有系統的理論闡述，也有相當可觀的實踐，為「共生」概念的深化與發展，做出了巨大的貢獻，可以證明－「同體共生」是現在這個時代也是這個世界最開明、最優良的思想－這一論斷。

關鍵字

比較哲學 ； 共生 ； 同體共生 ； 星雲大師

並列摘要

This paper investigates the commonly used term ＂symbiosis＂ in the current trend. The first part discusses the basic meanings of ＂symbiosis＂ and its historical evolution in the Chinese and Western context. The second part brings forth the main points based on possible existing philosophical meanings. It can be found that the theoretical advantage of ＂symbiosis＂ exists in the fierce contradiction, and can lead to another new subject which is called ＂integrative symbiosis.＂ The third part examines all related concepts on symbiosis (common, applicable to all and unity), after comparison it is found that common, applicable to all and unity certainly also include symbiosis. Each concept has specific connotations respectively and they should not be mixed and used freely. The comparison further helps to clarify the boundary of the different uses of the concept of symbiosis. The fourth part, based on the above analysis, concludes the theory of symbiosis in three important values: in the aspects of dialogue, practice and vision. The author has confirmed that it is re-establishing a role model in social values, such as freedom, equality, democracy, humanity, and so on. In the fifth part, the author takes Venerable Master Hsing Yun's thoughts on symbiosis and concludes that he not only explores the concept of symbiosis systematically, but also has sustained a long practice. All these show that Venerable Master Hsing Yun has made great contributions to the development of the concept ＂symbiosis.＂

並列關鍵字

Comparative philosophy ； symbiosis ； integrative symbiosis ； Venerable Master Hsing Yun