半生幸入三峰社－從晦山戒顯看清初遺民僧的日常生活

本文旨在以明遺民晦山戒顯（1610-1672），及其現跡東瀛之《晦山顯和尚全集》為例，探討遺民僧日常生活樣態之細節。期於國族興亡、個人仕隱的論述模式外，根據社會心理學所探討的，聚焦於工作、休閒、信仰和個人幸福感等議題，探查晦山作為遺民僧的生命發展與心靈圖像。晦山戒顯其人其學，在過去的研究中是一位「生平不詳」、「學德不彰」的遺民僧。今據所見《晦山顯和尚全集》中收錄之豐富的詩、文與語錄，適足以提供其日常生活諸多面向的材料，得以裨補前人對於晦山戒顯之研究。本文首先討論遺民僧的評價，兼及晦山戒顯身為遺民僧的外顯評價，並藉由其理想人物的象徵隱喻討論其個人之自我定位；其次以日常生活為視角，就全集中詩、文與語錄等相關材料，從僧職僧務、山居游藝與關係歸屬等三個面向，窺見晦山身為遺民僧的日常生活樣態。最後，從當代熱門研究議題－個人主觀幸福感作為新的檢視標準，企圖在舊的仁義節孝的遺民評價外，對於晦山戒顯的生命情懷與心靈圖像有一新的觀察與理解。

關鍵字

晦山戒顯；日常生活；工作；休閒；主觀幸福感

並列摘要

This article explores the everyday life of the Ming dynasty loyalist monk Huishan Jiexian based on information in his collected works (Huishan Xian heshang quanji 晦山顯和尚全集), found in Japan. Setting aside discourses of dynastic renewal and individual reclusion, this article uses concepts from social psychology such as work, leisure, faith, and subjective well-being to explore developments in Huishan's life as a Ming loyalist and his spirituality. Previous scholarship simply remarked that Huishan Jieshan was a loyalist monk about whose life and accomplishments little is known. The large amount of poetry, prose, and recorded sayings in Huishan's collected works provide a sufficient amount of material about his life to make up for the lacunae in previous scholarship. The present article first discusses the standard definition of loyalist monks. Then it discusses Huishan's external identity as a loyalist monk as well as his self-understood identity through the symbolic metaphor of an ideal figure. Next, it uses the relevant material in his poems, prose, and recorded sayings to understand the daily life of a loyalist monk from three perspectives: his duties as a monastic officeholder, his studies in seclusion, and his lineal affiliation. Finally, following the trend of using an individual's subjective well-being as a criterion, this article attempts to look beyond the previous valuation of loyalist monks as upholding traditional values to offer new insights and understandings of Huishan's biography and spirituality.