中國大陸農民工市民化問題研究

Research on Citizenization of Migrant Workers in China

陳銘聰(Chen Ming-Tsung)

《亞洲政經與和平研究》 5期 (2020/12) Pp. 41-68

摘要

中國大陸並未發生像西方國家那樣經歷從農民向市民的職業、地域和身份同步轉變，而是經歷從農民到農民工、再到市民身份的「中國路徑」。中國大陸農民工市民化議題，就是解決農民工在城市就業、固定居住，享有平等市民權益等問題，而這些問題根源於1958年開始實施戶籍制度，所有人民被分為「城市戶籍」和「農村戶籍」兩大類，分別屬於城市和農村，並嚴格限制人民遷徙。戶籍制度被認為是農民工市民化的核心障礙，戶籍改革就成為推動農民工市民化的必然要求。為了讓在已經在城市生活和穩定就業的農民工實現市民化，從中央到地方各級政府，積極採取相應措施，全面實行居住證制度，逐步放寬城市落戶條件，從制度上解決城鄉二元結構問題，實現城鄉居民平等待遇。本文認為，農民工落戶有其風險考量，土地政策已經成為落戶的關鍵，因此，最根本的解決方式，就是推動統一的戶籍登記制度，使戶籍跟各項公共服務和社會福利脫鉤，戶籍只是登記居住地的作用，不再有城市戶籍和農村戶籍的區別，才是戶籍制度改革的最終目標。

關鍵字

農民工 ； 市民化 ； 戶籍制度 ； 落戶 ； 城鄉二元結構

並列摘要

China has not experienced the synchronous transformation of occupation, region and identity from farmer to citizen as in western countries, but has experienced the ＂China path＂ from farmer to migrant worker and then to citizen identity. Migrant workers migrant workers' citizenization is the solution to the problems of migrant workers in city employment, fixed residence and equal rights and interests of citizens. These problems stem from the implementation of household registration system in 1958. All the people are divided into two categories: City registered residence and rural household registration, which belong to cities and villages, and strictly restrict the movement of people. Migrant workers registered residence system is registered as the core obstacle of migrant workers' citizenization. Registered residence reform has become an inevitable requirement to promote the citizenization of migrant workers. In order to realize the citizenization of migrant workers who have been living and stably employed in the city, governments at all levels from the central government to the local government actively take corresponding measures, comprehensively implement the residence permit system, gradually relax the conditions for urban settlement, solve the problem of urbanrural dual structure from the system, and realize the equal treatment of urban and rural residents. This article holds that the settlement of migrant workers has its risk consideration, and land policy has become the key to settle down. Therefore, the most fundamental solution is to promote a unified household registration system, so that the household registration is decoupled from all public services and social welfare. Household registration is only the role of registration residence, and no longer the difference between city household registration and rural household registration, which is the ultimate goal of household registration system reform.

並列關鍵字

migrant workers ； citizenization ； household system ； settlement ； urban-rural dual structure