習近平主政後中國國家戰略利益和海權擴張問題之研究：海上絲路和軍力建設

A Study on the PRC's National Strategic Interests and Seapower Expansion after Xi Jinping Administration: The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road and Military Power Construction

董慧明(Tung, Hui-Ming)

《亞洲政經與和平研究》 7期 (2021/08) Pp. 23-54

摘要

「一帶一路」倡議是中國自習近平主政以來，實現「中國夢」、「強軍夢」最重要的國家發展戰略。其中，於2013年10月3日提出的「21世紀海上絲綢之路」戰略，包含中國至南太平洋，以及經由印度洋延伸至歐洲兩條重要航路，影響所及不僅包括福州、三亞等沿海港口，在區域安全戰略布局方面，更影響中國和東南亞、南亞、中東、北非和歐洲各國之間的關係。另一方面，中共為了加速推進國防和軍隊現代化進程，除了在2019年7月公布之《新時代的中國國防》白皮書，要求海軍部隊「近海防禦，遠海防衛」戰略轉型目標，亦凸顯「海外利益攸關區」概念，對維護其海外利益安全和確保地區安全穩定提出具體設想。由此可見，當中共極力向全世界行銷「21世紀海上絲綢之路」戰略之際，海軍部隊的建設、轉型也正隨著「深化國防和軍隊改革」進程，同步強化戰略威懾與反擊、海上機動作戰、海上聯合作戰、綜合防禦作戰和綜合保障能力。這種揉合國家政治經濟總體發展戰略和軍事戰略「柔中帶剛」的作法，已經在無形之中改變中共向來強調「積極防禦」戰略指導思想和作戰原則。當「戰略進攻」的成分正快速超越「戰略防禦」時，儘管中國對外軍力擴張的目的不在攻城掠地，惟為了確保攸關國家利益的利路和國家主權的通路不受阻擋，海軍部隊建設和發展也已不再定格於護衛層次，未來將伴隨航艦戰鬥群逐漸成形而更顯開路的功能。本研究以「21世紀海上絲綢之路」戰略為背景，以解放軍海軍部隊建設為主軸，析論軍力建設如何支撐國家政治經濟發展，進而實現中共「海洋強國」目標。藉由本研究可對解放軍現代化軍力建設在「一帶一路」戰略中的作用有更深入的認識，並且提供相關議題研究另一視角。

關鍵字

一帶一路 ； 海上絲綢之路 ； 海洋強國 ； 海軍 ； 戰略支撐點

並列摘要

The ＂Belt and Road Initiative＂ is the most important national development strategy for China to realize the ＂Chinese Dream＂ and ＂Strong Military Dream＂ since Xi Jinping took power. Among them, the ＂21st Century Maritime Silk Road＂ strategy proposed on October 3, 2013, includes two important shipping routes from China to the South Pacific and extending to Europe via the Indian Ocean. The impact includes not only coastal ports such as Fuzhou and Sanya but also in terms of the strategic layout of regional security, affects the relationship between China and countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, and Europe. In addition to the White Paper ＂China's National Defense in the New Era＂ published in July 2019, which requires the strategic transformation of the naval forces to ＂offshore defense and far-seas operation,＂ it also highlights the concept of ＂overseas stakeholder area,＂ putting forward concrete ideas for safeguarding its overseas interests and ensuring regional security and stability. Thus, while the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) strives to market the ＂21st Century Maritime Silk Road＂ strategy to the world, the construction and transformation of the PLA Navy are also progressing along with the ＂deepening of national defense and military reform＂ to strengthen strategic deterrence and counter-attack, maritime maneuvering, maritime joint operations, integrated defense operations, and comprehensive security capabilities. This combination of the overall development strategy of the country's political economy and military strategy has changed invisibly the CCP's emphasis on the guiding ideology and principles of active defense strategy. While the element of ＂strategic offensive＂ is rapidly overtaking that of ＂strategic defense＂, although the purpose of China's military expansion abroad is not to conquer cities and territories, but to ensure that the paths of national interests and national sovereignty are not blocked. The construction and development of the aircraft carrier are no longer fixed at the level of escort. In the future, it will have the function of opening the way as the aircraft carrier battle group gradually takes shape. Based on the strategy of ＂The Maritime Silk Road in the 21st Century＂ and the construction of the PLA Navy as the main axis, this study analyzes how the construction of military power can support the political and economic development of the country and thus achieve the goal of the maritime power of the CCP. Through this research, we can provide a deeper understanding of the role of the PLA's modern military build-up in the ＂Belt and Road Initiative＂ and provides another perspective on relevant issues.

並列關鍵字

The Belt and Road Initiative ； 21st Century Maritime Silk Road ； Maritime Power ； PLA Navy ； Strategic Strong Point