金允植的事大保國外交（1881-1887）

「事大」為朝鮮王朝立國以來對華的往來方式，其為一種外交上自我保護的手段。但在近代以來，日本士人以「事大主義」形容朝鮮末期親華派官員，其逐漸成為一種負面詞彙。本文認為此為非客觀的角度去看待「事大」，故以朝鮮穩健開化派的金允植為出發點，從其早年文章了解開化思想及對華觀，進而探究其於1881年至1887年間的外交活動。研究將以歷史研究法為主，從金允植個人、時任朝鮮、清朝官員等第一手資料、中日韓外交檔案為主，輔用常受忽略的美方人物記述及書信，歸納整理出金氏有關外交事件的整體脈絡。本文之所以研究此時期，一來金允植作為朝鮮晚期重要的親華派外交人物，二是正值西方列強勢力進入朝鮮。而1881年為金允植作為朝鮮領選使團學習洋務的起點，透過梳理出使清朝期間的筆談，可了解朝鮮進入國際條約體系的困境，也因此透過「事大」來爭取朝鮮利益。至於壬午兵變與甲申政變，則作為金允植事大外交的具體應用例子，從中能推論金允植目的在於保護朝鮮高宗以及不受日本勢力侵入，即為「事大保國」。之後，將逐一檢閱金允植任職外務督辦時期的外交政策，其涵蓋俄、中、英、美等國。由不同交錯的事件，有面臨清朝與朝鮮的衝突，以及宗藩體制與條約體制的雙重外交，都是正視金允植事大政策的例證。透過各方觀點，本文嘗試另一視角看待中朝關係的更迭，並進一步呈顯朝鮮知識分子在列強環伺下，如何以「事大」謀求國家的生存之道。

關鍵字

事大保國；中朝關係；金允植；穩健開化派；十九世紀末朝鮮

並列摘要

“Serving the Great” is the way of dealing with China since the establishment of the Chosun Dynasty, and it is a means of diplomatic self-protection. However, in modern times, Japanese scholars described the end of Chosun's pro-China officials with “Sadaejuui”, which has gradually become a negative words. This article considers that this is a non-objective perspective on “Serving the Great”, so it starts with Kim Yun-sik, a steady civilized faction in Chosun, to understand civilized thoughts and views on China from his early articles, and then explores his diplomatic activities from 1881 to 1887. The research will be dominated by historical research methods, from Kim Yun-sik himself, the first-hand information and data of official of the Qing Dynasty and the Chosun, and the diplomatic documents of China, Japan, and Korea, supplemented by accounts and letters from the American figures that are often overlooked, and summarize and sort out the overall context of Kim’s diplomatic events. The reason why this article studies this period is that, firstly, Kim Yun-sik was an important pro-China diplomat in the late Chosun’s period; Secondly, the reason is that the Western powers entered Chosun exactly. In 1881, Kim Yun-sik served as the starting point for the Chosun delegation to study Westernization. By sorting out the written talks during the Qing Dynasty, he could understand the plight of Chosun's entry into the international treaty system, and thus strive for Chosun's interests through “Serving the Great”. As for the Imo gullan and the Gapsin jeongbyeon, they are used as specific examples of Kim Yun-sik’s “Serving the Great”. From this, it can be inferred that Kim Yun-sik's purpose is to protect Chosun's Gaozong from the invasion of Japanese forces, that is, “Serving the Great” and “Guarding the Land”. Afterwards, the foreign policy of Kim Yun-sik during his tenure as foreign affairs supervisor will be reviewed one by one, including Russia, China, Britain, the United States and other countries. Because of the various incidents, the conflict between the Qing Dynasty and Chosun, and the dual diplomacy of the suzerainty system and the treaty system are all examples of facing Kim Yun-sik's “Serving the Great” policy. Through the perspectives of various parties, this article attempts to look at the changes in China-Chosun Relations from another perspective, and further shows Korean intellectuals how to use “Serving the Great” to seek the country's survival, under the auspices of foreign powers.