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  • 學位論文

四至五世紀東晉南朝的地方編組與國家建構

Local Administrations and State Building in South China during 4th and 5th Centuries

指導教授 : 陳弱水

摘要


本文以政區建置為線索,探究四至五世紀間東晉南朝國家在地方上的組織建構與發展的過程。東晉南朝國家的組織化課題歷來少有觸及。本研究通過這些主題與地域研究,試圖對東晉南朝國家如何在地方上建構、組織統治部門,以及將人群納入統治的行動,能有更深一層的認識。本文選擇政區變化幅度較大的長江下游、江淮之間、荊楚、巴蜀等四個地區進行個案研究,指出國家編組政區的背景與目的,並進而探究東晉南朝國家統治組織的建構。 本文指出,東晉南朝時期國家首要掌握的是流民群體。掌握流民群體的重要手段是建置僑置政區。分析僑置政區設置時間與地點可知,僑置政區的分布有集中於州鎮附近地域的特性,也就是在國家組織相對較強的地區。僑置政區的分布地區與州鎮重合,也揭櫫東晉南朝的州鎮資力的重要來源是對流民的掌握。從而以此來看,僑置政區的建置,是東晉南朝鞏固流民人力的重要手段。 僑置之後會進行土斷。東晉末年的義熙土斷,是東晉南朝最大規模的土斷。但細究當時的政區可知,在江淮間地區的郡縣幾乎完全重劃。這顯示當時土斷調整的重點區域是在江淮之間,其後也成為國家重點動員區域,顯示國家對當地也有較強的支配能力。同時,伴隨義熙土斷以來的空間重劃,也可看到五世紀後的南朝國家在統治動員方式的變化。 至於中游的荊楚地區部份,筆者分析地域權力分布的變化,指出荊楚地區的政治中心在東晉時有由東邊的武昌向西邊的江陵移動的過程。其中庾氏兄弟與桓溫的經營佔有重要地位,江陵附近行政據點密度的增加,也使政府能更有效地掌握本地的社會資源。另,荊楚地區新郡縣的建置與蠻地經略,也呈現下游往上游的趨勢發展。郡縣更新由大別山南麓沿漢水向上游開展,蠻地郡縣的建置亦呈現由豫州蠻向荊雍蠻的趨向進行。 最上游的巴蜀地區地處西陲,且與東晉南朝間時有政治隔閡,因此政區也有相當大的變化。本文考察指出,東晉南朝部署在巴蜀地區的行政據點,集中在成都平原至川陝通道一帶,政府能夠控制的地區有向成都平原內縮的趨勢。這反映自漢末以來到四世紀初期的戰亂所導致社會結構、人群組成的大幅改變。通過政區重劃,在當地也產生新的社會組成。州政區的劃分則呈現出以對北作戰為主的邏輯,但調整卻相對較長江中下游地區為晚。這種統治地位相對較疏離的性質,也可以體現在政權安排在巴蜀的統治階層多為「東人」,與巴蜀地方社會間有較大的隔閡。

並列摘要


This dissertation clarified the process of local administrative unit arrangement and development in South China during 4th and 5th centuries. Previous studies had rare attention to the state’s organization of Eastern-Jin 東晉 and Southern Dynasties regimes. This dissertation choose the Yan-zi River, the region between Yan-zi River 長江 and Huai River 淮河, The Jing-Chu荊楚and Ba-Shu巴蜀 area, all of which with much more administrative division changes than other regions, as the research objects. This dissertation points out the historical background and its purpose of local administrative arrangement by Southern Dynasties government, and discuss about the building of the state organization of Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties. First, this dissertation clarified that the government needed to control the northern immigrants. The most important way was reconstituting the northern administrative units (known as qiao jun xien 僑郡縣). During this period, qiao jun xien were placed on the region at or near by important zhou 州 capitals. It implies these migrants supported the political and military power of Zhou units. After setting qiao administrative units for years, the government would undergo residence determination (known as tu duan 土斷). Yi-xi tu duan 義熙土斷 were known as the largest residence determination during Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties. But the administrative divisions in the region between Yang-zi River and Huai River were almost recreated in Yi-xi tu duan. It implies this area was an important one in the administration adjustment. It became the major region as the government have to obtain human and material resources. And with the recreation of administrative division, the ruling way of Southern regime was also changed. In the midstream of Yang Zi River, also known as the Jing Chu 荊楚, it shows that the political center of the area was moved from Wu Chang 武昌 to Jiang Ling 江陵. The Yu 庾 brothers and Huan Wen 桓溫 made great effort in that process. The increase of administrative units around Jian Ling strengthened the capacity of local government to obtain human and material resources. Otherwise, it also shows that the creating of administrative units in Jin Chu and aboriginal area was started from downstream area of Yang Zi River. Ba Shu area was the western part of Southern regimes. Some independent regimes had been established during 4th and 5th centuries. Compare to Latter Han period, the administrative units were concentrated around the Chendu Plain 成都平原 and the route between Sichuan 四川 and Shaanxi 陝西. The region controlled by local government was reduced to Chendu Plain. It implies the large-scale change of social composition during the turmoil from Latter Han to the beginning of the 4th century. With the reconstitution of the administrative divisions, the social composition was changed. The adjustment of zhou division was latter than the downstream area of Yang-zi River, for the military purpose against the northern regime. Evidences shows the alienation between the governors and local society, which was resulting from the previous independent regimes and the governors most coming from the eastern area but not from local.

參考文獻


一、 傳統文獻
前漢•司馬遷,《史記》,臺北:鼎文書局,1981。
後漢‧班固,《漢書》,臺北:鼎文書局,1986。
晉•陳壽,《三國志》,臺北:鼎文書局,1980。
晉‧常璩,任乃強(校注),《華陽國志校補圖注》,上海:上海古籍出版社,1987。

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