金錢預示效果對能力知覺的影響

The Effect of Money Priming on Perceived Competence

翁若珊(Jennifer Weng)

指導教授 ： 林以正

國立臺灣大學/理學院/心理學研究所/碩士(2014年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2014.00775

摘要

自我充足假設(Self-sufficiency hypothesis)指出金錢概念的觸發會造成個體的獨立以及與他人拉開距離的傾向(Vohs, Mead, & Goode, 2006)。儘管過去很多研究探討引發金錢概念的行為後果，卻沒有研究探討到金錢概念對社會知覺的影響，特別是金錢是如何影響人如何知覺他人。刻板內容模型(stereotype content model; Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002)指出有兩個基本的社會知覺向度—溫暖與能力—或許可以作為金錢概念如何引發行為後果的解釋機制。此外，本研究也檢驗以不同方法觸發金錢概念是否會影響金錢對社會知覺影響的效果。在接下來的三個研究中，我們會將觸發金錢概念的操弄方法由外顯到內隱做程度上的改變。受試者將被隨機分派到金錢觸發組或是控制組，在操弄之後會評估對不同目標(有錢人、窮人、老人、中產階級)的溫暖和能力知覺。結果顯示，與控制組相比，金錢觸發組傾向知覺這四個知覺目標是比較沒有能力的，但在溫暖知覺向度上沒有差異。結果也顯示，越內隱的金錢觸發方式，得到的效果越穩定。最後，我們也看到能力知覺能夠中介金錢觸發到利社會行為的效果。根據BIAS map(Cuddy, Fiske, Glick., 2008), 低能力知覺會引發被動傷害行為，而這也能解釋為什麼金錢觸發後的個體傾向忽略他人。金錢觸發只對能力知覺產生影響而非溫暖知覺的結果意涵將在最後進行討論。

關鍵字

金錢預示 ； 社會知覺 ； 利社會行為

並列摘要

Self-sufficiency hypotheses suggest that the priming with money induces independence and distance from others (Vohs et al., 2006). Although there has been a great deal of research on the behavioral consequences of money, there is no research about the effect of money on social perception, especially how money may shape the ways people perceive others. The stereotype content model (Fiske et al., 2002), which distinguishes two basic dimensions of social perception -- warmth and competence--provides an explanatory mechanism for the money priming effect on behavioral consequences. In addition, we test whether different ways to activate the concept of money changes its effect on social perception. In three studies, we change the ways to prime money from explicit to implicit. Participants were assigned to either the money-primed or the control group, and rate their perceptions of different targets (the rich, poor, elderly, and middle class) as competent and warm. First, results showed that compared to the control group, the money primed group tended to perceive all the four targets as less competent, but there was no difference on warmth dimension. Second, results showed that the more implicit money priming is, the more stable its effect. Third, there is an indirect effect of money on prosociality through perceived competence. According to BIAS map model (Cuddy et al., 2008) low competence judgment elicits passive-harming behaviors, which might explain why people primed with money tend to neglect others. Implications of the dissociation of money priming effect on competence dimension but not warmth dimension are discussed.

並列關鍵字

Money priming ； social perception ； prosociality

參考文獻

Adler, N. E., & Snibbe, A. C. (2003). The Role of Psychosocial Processes in Explaining the Gradient Between Socioeconomic Status and Health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(4), 119-123.

Caprara, G. V, Alessandri, G., & Eisenberg, N. (2012). Prosociality: The contribution of traits, values, and self-efficacy beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1289-1303.

Caruso, E. M., Vohs, K. D., Baxter, B., & Waytz, A. (2013). Mere Exposure to Money Increases Endorsement of Free-Market Systems and Social Inequality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(2), 301-306.

Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and Competence as Universal Dimensions of Social Perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 61-149.

Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., Kwan, V. S. Y., Glick, P., Demoulin, S., Leyens, J., . . . Ziegler, R. (2009). Stereotype content model across cultures: Towards universal similarities and some differences. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(1), 1-33.