高齡社會中資產的管理與保全—以友善失智者相關法制為中心

Management and Preservation of Assets in an Aged Society: Focused on Dementia-Friendly Legal Regimes

林于婷(Yu-Ting Lin)

指導教授 ： 黃詩淳

國立臺灣大學/法律學院/科際整合法律學研究所/碩士(2022年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202202397

摘要

臺灣已於2018年步入高齡社會（aged society），預計將於2025年步入超高齡社會（super-aged society）。在金融資產高齡化之背景下，高齡者雖握有足以安享晚年的資產，卻因為平均餘命延長，罹患失智症的可能性也相對提高，高齡失智症患者逐年增加。另一方面，少子高齡化的人口結構與家庭功能衰退，使得因失智症等原因而判斷能力不充足的高齡金融被害案件層出不窮，陷入消費陷阱或為財務虐待所害等案件亦逐年高升。因此，如何為為高齡失智者建構支援完善的資產管理與保全法制，至為重要。
為滿足認知能力下降之高齡者之資產管理需求，本文以於2005年邁入超高齡社會之日本為對象，首先探討其近年推出與高齡者有關之金融商品及發展趨勢。依照公權力介入之程度，由低至高介紹日本以信託支援資產管理與保全之作法，例如附有解約限制、定時定額支付型之金錢信託商品，抑或原為防止監護人濫權而生之監護制度支援信託與存款等，皆為本文考察之重點。其次，基於尊重本人自主權之理念，本文認為可參考日本行之有年的日常生活自立支援制度，以預防被害及低廉的管理成本為目標，協助認知能力下降高齡者進行日常金錢管理，盡可能維持本人的生活。最後，期許政府以提升國人之金融素養為第一要務，推廣大眾認識各種財產管理制度，鼓勵國人於認知能力低落前便為自己做好相關規劃。同時，以金融業為首，訂定與指示從業人員應遵守之規範與準則，並提供相關訓練，以打造友善失智高齡者之金融環境。

關鍵字

老年 ； 高齡社會 ； 失智症 ； 金融剝削 ； 財務管理 ； 監護信託 ； 成年監護 ； 後見制度支援信託 ； 信託 ； 後見支援預金 ； 存款

並列摘要

Taiwan has officially entered the “aged society” in 2018 and is expected to enter the” super-aged society” in 2025. Although the elderly have assets that are sufficient to enjoy their twilight years, the possibility of developing dementia is relatively increased due to the prolongation of the average life expectancy, and the number of elderly patients with dementia is increasing year by year. On the other hand, due to the declining birthrate and aging population structure and the decline of family functions, cases of financial exploitation of the elderly with insufficient judgment due to dementia and other reasons emerge in an endless stream, and cases of falling into a consumption trap or being victimized by financial abuse are also increasing. Therefore, how to build and support a sound legal system of management and preservation of assets for the elderly with dementia is very important.
Japan has entered the super-aged society in 2005. In order to meet the needs of the elderly with declining cognitive ability, this article firstly discusses the financial products and development trends related to the elderly in Japan that have been launched in recent years. This article mainly focuses on Japan’s practices of applying Trusts and Deposits to support management and preservation of assets in the order of the degree of involvement of public power such as money trust products with contract termination restrictions and regular fixed payments, or support guardianship system that was originally created to prevent guardians from abusing their powers, etc. Secondly, based on the concept of personal independence and autonomy, Japan’s well-established daily life self-reliance support system helps the elderly with cognitive decline in daily money management.
Lastly, it is necessary for the government to take relevant policies to improve financial literacy and also to promote public awareness of various property management systems for the compatriots. So as to encourage them to make plans for themselves in case of decline in cognitive ability. Meanwhile, financial institutions should not only develop practical and consistent guidance but also delivering basic awareness training for staff so as to provide Dementia-friendly financial services for the elderly.

並列關鍵字

The Elderly ； Aged Society ； Dementia ； Financial Exploitation ； Financial Management ； Custodial Trust ； Trust ； Deposit ； Adult Guardianship System

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