契作、現代銷售通路與農家經濟：主力農家之實證研究

由於臺灣平原稀少、農地碎片化的原因，成本與規模很難具有優勢，因此農業一直以來都是被低估的產業。隨著近幾年貿易自由化與產銷模式逐漸改變的影響，臺灣農民在面對外國農產品所受到的衝擊也越來越大，為了瞭解現行產銷模式以及現代銷售通路對農民福利的影響，契作（又稱為契約產銷）便是一個有利於小農在面對農產市場價格不穩定風險以及提升農產品附加價值的切入點，透過分析臺灣農民契作的條件下與整體樣本的所得差異，我們可以了解不同的產銷方式是否有助於臺灣農民福利的改善。並且分析農民透過傳統銷貨通路現代銷貨通路的所得差異，來確認契作之所以能影響農民所得的原因。由於過去的研究大多在說明契作的實際案例或是分析其他影響農民福利的因素，並無對農家施行契作的經濟效益進行實證分析，也很少文獻對於傳統銷貨通路與現代銷貨通路進行農民福利的實證分析。本研究以實證分析的方式並根據102年主力農家資料，發現參與契作能顯著地改善農民的所得，然而參與現代銷貨通路的農民其所得反而是下降的。因此希望本研究的結果能夠促進臺灣契作的發展已改善農民的福利以及促進臺灣農民在銷貨通路與生產模式的結合，達到一加一大於一的效果。

關鍵字

契約產銷；契作；銷貨通路；超級市場； Heckman選擇修正模型

並列摘要

Facing issues such as the scarcity of plains and the fragmentation of farming fields, agriculture in Taiwan has long been undervalued as its costs and scale proves disadvantageous when compared to other countries. Taiwanese farmers have been increasingly impacted by foreign agricultural products as a result of global trade liberalization and the gradual transformation of agricultural production and marketing models. In order to investigate how the current production and marketing strategies and modern marketing channels affect farmers’ welfare, this thesis takes contract farming as an entry point of research, and further discusses how the practice of contract farming can help small-scale farmers be better prepared for the risk coming from the instability of the agricultural products market and provide additional value to their agricultural products. By analyzing the income disparity between farmers who have adopted the contract farming with the statistical population of Taiwanese farmers, we could then verify the hypothesis of whether different production and marketing strategies could improve the welfare of farmers. This thesis will also discuss how contract farming affect the income of farmers by analyzing the income disparity between farmers who sell their products through traditional marketing channels and those who take advantage of modern marketing channels. Most past studies are more focused on case studies of contract farming adoption or analyzing other aspects that may affect farmers’ welfare. They lack a positive analysis of the actual economic efficiency for the farmers with the adoption of the strategy, and only a handful of them have investigated the relationship between using traditional/modern marketing channels and the farmers’ welfare through the positive analysis method. Through analyzing the data collected from the Primary Farm Households Survey of 2013, the thesis reveals that the income of a farmer who has adopted the contract farming method is significantly higher than average. However, farmers who use modern marketing channels have lower incomes compared to those who use traditional ones. Such a conclusion could hopefully promote the development of contract farming adoption in Taiwan to improve the welfare of farmers and further facilitate the integration of marketing channels and production strategies for Taiwanese farmers to fully fulfill their synergy.