涇渭流域周人族群關係的考察：考古學與文獻學的對話

Investigating Zhou's Ethnic Relationship in the River Basins of Jin and Wei: a conversation between archaeology and philology

蔡佩玲(Pei-ling Tsai)

指導教授 ： 閻鴻中

國立臺灣大學/文學院/歷史學系/博士(2022年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202204039

摘要

本文以考古資料──主要是墓地──為主，由墓地的構成與葬俗差異窺見墓地對應的聚落社會狀態，進而推論周人的族群政策如何成形，以及在各區域間是否有因為所處環境的不同造成的族群構成的差異。
先周時期的周人，依其發展狀況可以分為豳邑時期與周原時期。豳邑時期的周人活動概況，在史書上的記載不多，主要仰賴考古研究的成果。周先公在豳邑時期的時代，根據史書記載，似乎可以上推至夏代晚期，在考古發現上，目前僅能上溯到二里崗上層時期，約為早商晚期，以鄭家坡遺址為代表的鄭家坡文化分布在漆水河流域以及涇河流域中游，此時期的鄭家坡文化較為保守，與其他考古學文化的交流較少，在鄭家坡文化遺址其他考古學文化的因素比例很低。
到了殷墟二期，鄭家坡文化明顯地自涇河流域萎縮，且三期開始，鄭家坡文化的中心往周原移動，值得關注的是，鄭家坡文化原先的中心，漆水河流域一帶仍是鄭家坡文化的影響範圍，但是，已非中心區域。此時期的周原呈現至少兩種文化並存的狀況，碾子坡文化影響周原的核心區域，鄭家坡文化則居於周原東側。此時期的鄭家坡文化，呈現與前一階段不同的樣貌，遺址中非鄭家坡文化因素明顯上升。由此可以說，物質文化反映周人在周原時期的居住空間是多族群的，當今研究者認為周人慣於與多族群並存，並且有獨特一套處理族群關係的方法，可能是在周原時期才形成的，並且成為此後周的族群政策基調。
在此基礎上，周人得以在有諸多同盟的支援下展開擴張行動。周文王往北、東北用兵，隨後出關中，軍事行動直指晉中。周人的軍事行動跨出關中後，旋即在關中盆地東部，渭河支流灃河西岸建立東方的新都邑──豐，在豐邑建立後不長的時間內，文王的繼任者武王打敗商王，接著在豐邑東邊的灃河東岸建立了鎬京。豐鎬二都是周人憑藉自身意志選址，並從無到有建立的都邑，豐鎬兩都應反映了周人對聚落的想像。
由此，周原與豐鎬的聚落結構呈現很不一樣的狀態。周原是發展時間遠超過豐鎬的大型聚落，從目前的發現可以看到周原應是由數個小聚落組成的，在周原遺址中可以看到數個墓地，墓地有明顯發展邊界，如姚家墓地、賀家村西北墓地、賀家村北墓地、黃堆墓地等，除了黃堆墓地外，每座墓地附近都有距離較近的居址遺跡，可見周原遺址內部有居址─墓地對應的現象。
豐鎬遺址內雖然也有數座墓地，但墓地的規模均不大，最大的一座墓地有100多座墓葬，其餘墓地僅數十座，甚至只發現個位數墓葬，相對而言，在張家坡一帶的墓葬的發掘與鑽探就已達2100多座。可見豐鎬內部並不流行居址─墓地對應的結構形式，反而以大墓地對應聚落區，豐鎬可以分成偏北的大墓葬區與偏南的生活居址區，大墓區內有依等級分區埋葬的現象，高等級墓葬區內各種葬俗的墓葬雜處。由此，豐鎬似乎是傾向打破族群界線，以階級作為社會的主要結構，此也是西周社會與政治的發展基調。
在都邑周圍的區域，近郊或遠鄰，都反映了周人與西土系族群的密切合作關係，甚至在寶雞地區可以看到不只一個以當地土著族群為主的聚落。但反之，幾乎看不見以商系族群為主的聚落，商系族群通常與周系或西土系族群並存，即使在周原以居址─墓地為結構形式的社會中，除了工匠或是祭祀相關人員，也沒有見到商系族群有單獨的墓地。由此，似乎可以推論，周人對西土系族群的信賴與對商系族群的防備。此情形一直延續到西周中期，此後西土系族群開始衰退，西周國家的西北邊防漸趨嚴峻，這可能起源於西周國家對西北族群政策的調整，導致族群衝突加劇，加上西周國家內部的資源爭奪日益激烈，西周國家便逐漸走向衰敗。

關鍵字

族群關係 ； 統治策略 ； 族屬辨識 ； 涇渭流域 ； 先周史 ； 西周史

並列摘要

The dissertation aims to explore the social structure of Zhou’s heartland through settlement patterns and funerary practices and discuss how Zhou’s ethnic politics formed and whether the environments of different regions contribute to the varied ethnic structures and policies.
In the pre-Zhou period, the development of the Zhou people can be divided into the Bing-settlement and the Zhouyuan periods. Records regarding Zhou people’s activities during the Bing-settlement period are scanty in transmitted texts, so the research relies mainly on archaeological data. Although historical texts trace Zhou’s ancestors to the later phase of the Xia Dynasty, archaeologists can only track Zhou’s origin to the Upper Erligang period, or the early Shang, so far. The archaeological culture of Zhengjiapo, represented by the Zhengjiapo site and distributed in the Qishui River Basin and the middle reach of Jing River, is considered the material remains of the earliest Zhou people. The scarce presence of foreign cultural elements suggests that this archaeological culture was relatively isolated.
In the later phase of the Bing-settlement period, equivalent to the second phase of Yinxu, the archaeological culture of Zhengjiapo shrank from the Jing River basin. Starting from the Zhouyuan period, which equals the third phase of Yinxu, the center of the Zhengjiapo culture began to move to Zhouyuan. Notably, the original center of the culture, the Qishui River basin, remained in the cultural zone, despite of losing its cultural dominance. During the Zhouyuan period, at least two archaeological cultures coexisted in Zhouyuan: The Nianzipo culture dominated the heartland, while the Zhengjiapo culture resided in the eastern part of the area. Moreover, increasing foreign cultural elements appeared in sites of the Zhengjiapo culture, altering the culture’s character. Altogether, Zhou people’s settlements were multiethnic in the Zhouyuan period. That the Zhou people were used to a multiethnic environment and had specific ways to deal with ethnic issues was probably formed in the Zhouyuan period and became the foundation of Zhou’s later ethnic policies.
The multiethnic foundation allowed Zhou to embark on military expansion with the support of allies. King Wen expanded to the North and Northeast, followed by the campaign leaving Guanzhong and pointing at Jinzhong. After their military operation moved beyond Guanzhong, the Zhou people established the settlement of Feng, a new capital in the East, located at the eastern part of the Guanzhong Basin and the west bank of the Feng River, a tributary of the Wei River. Shortly afterward, King Wu, King Wen’s successor, defeated the Shang king and established the capital of Hao on the Feng settlement’s east and Feng River’s east bank. The location selection and construction of the two capitals were both done with the Zhou people’s own will, thereby reflecting their ideas about settlements.
Settlements in Zhouyuan and Feng-Hao show very different patterns. The former was a large settlement developed for a time far longer than Feng-Hao. Archaeological discoveries suggest that Zhouyuan consisted of several small settlements and cemeteries. Cemeteries like Yaojia, Hejiacun Xibei, Hejiacunbei, and Huangdui had clear boundaries, and each had a settlement located nearby (except Huangdui), indicating a correspondence between settlements and cemeteries in the Zhouyuan
In contrast, the settlement-cemetery correspondence was not common in the Feng-Hao area. The Feng-Hao site had only two sections in general: the northern section served as burial grounds, and the southern section was the living area. As part of the cemetery zone, the Zhangjiapo area alone has more than twenty-one hundred tombs excavated and probed so far. Although the site also had other cemeteries, their sizes were smaller than the major cemetery. The burial number in these small cemeteries ranged from single digits to dozens, and the largest one yielded only a hundred or more tombs. Furthermore, in the major cemetery area, tombs were organized according to ranks, and high-ranking tombs with various burial practices coexisted. Altogether, the design of Heng-Hao seems to reflect an intention of breaking ethnic boundaries and reshaping the society with a ranking system, which was also the keynote of Western Zhou political and social development.
In areas surrounding the capitals, both nearby and faraway neighbors reflected Zhou’s close relationship with people residing west of the Zhouyuan. For example, the Baoji area has more than one settlement of local ethnic groups. However, one can barely find a settlement dominated by the Shang people, who usually lived alongside the people of Zhou or from the west of Zhouyuan. Even in Zhouyuan, where ethnic groups enjoyed respective settlements and cemeteries, Shang decedents did not have their own burial ground except for artisans and priests. Such a phenomenon indicates the Zhou people’s confidence in their western neighbors and distrust of the Shang people. The relationship lasted until middle Western Zhou. Afterward, as western groups started to withdraw from Zhouyuan, the Zhou state’s northwest border conflicts increased, possibly resulting from the state’s new ethnic policies toward the western groups. Under this circumstance, the state was doomed to fall.

並列關鍵字

Ethnic relationship ； governance strategies ； ethnic identification ； history of pre-Zhou period ； history of Western Zhou

參考文獻

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