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  • 學位論文

疊加台灣寬頻地震網資料製作全球波相走時之研究

Imaging global seismic arrivals by stacking BATS array broadband seismograms

指導教授 : 黃柏壽
共同指導教授 : 吳逸民(Yih-Min Wu)

摘要


摘 要 地震學家早期利用體波走時來研究地球的構造,並利用全球網所蒐集到的地震資料建立全球平均走時曲線作為地震定位和地球速度構造研究之參考。但是全球網測站間距過大,雖然能有效收集全球地震,但對於較精密的地震研究而言效益不大,因此設立測站間距小且數量多的區域地震網(regional network)有其必要性。然而受到全球地震帶分佈和地理位置的影響,區域陣列所能記錄到的地震波相和全球網紀錄必定有所差異。台灣寬頻地震網(BATS)自建立以來已超過十年,紀錄全球各地所發生的地震波資料。疊加這些資料將能用來評估台灣寬頻地震網成立至今接收全球波相的能力。 本研究從台灣寬頻地震網中,選取1994到2005年發生規模大於6.0的三軸向地震紀錄,去除一些無法使用的資料後,疊加成不同震源深度,不同濾波頻段,且地震儀不同分量紀錄的走時曲線。本研究所用的繪製走時曲線方法,由 Peter M. Shearer 於一九九一年在JGR發表。首先對所選取的地震紀錄濾波處理後並進行短時窗訊號平均值與長時窗訊號平均值之比值(STA/LTA ratio)處理,再對此處理後的地震紀錄作正規化後才進行疊加。雖然此種方法讓地震資料失去上下動和振幅的資訊,但能快速有效地得到體波到時訊息。此外本研究又多利用地球速度模型AK135對台灣寬頻地震網所收到的地震紀錄進行修正,企圖獲得更精確的走時曲線。最後將各個大圓路徑內疊加的結果影像化成走時曲線圖。 根據研究結果分析,台灣寬頻地震網接收到的淺層地震數目(深度≦30公里),大多集中在大圓路徑20°~40°、75°~85°、135°~145°(這些地震來自於西太平洋、義大利、南美安蒂斯山等板塊聚合邊界);中深度地震數目(深度介於30公里到100公里)多集中在大圓路徑20°~35°(來自蘇門答臘、新幾內亞、日本),但83°~123°之間無任何地震紀錄。地震紀錄在不同分量上經過不同頻段的濾波後,所呈現走時曲線也不同。由走時曲線可知台灣寬頻地震網接收到的體波訊號有P、S、PP、SS、SP、SKP、PKiKP、PKPdf,但是沒有收到核幔邊界(core mantle boundary)反射的波相,如PcP、ScP、ScS。另外本研究在濾低頻段的地震紀錄時,濾波器設定太短,導致波型變形,造成本研究在低頻部份繪製的走時曲線與利用地球速度模型AK135所計算的理論走時差距甚大。 透過本研究可了解台灣寬頻地震網可以提供哪些波相資訊和能接收哪些地區發生的地震資料以滋使用。

並列摘要


Abstract Seismologist uses body wave travel times to research earth structure. They average global travel time curves with a lot of seismic arrival times collected by Global Seismic Network(GSN)to locate earthquakes and make reference earth velocity model. However the aperture of GSN is more than hundred kilometers, GSN data is hard to study the detailed earthquake source and earth structure. Building regional seismic networks is necessary. Because of the non-uniform of global seismic zone distribution, the seismic phases recorded by regional array are different from GSN. Broadband Array in Taiwan for Seismology(BATS) has operated more than ten years and recorded large seismic data for further application. Stacking seismograms from BATS will understand what phases can well record by network. In this study, I selected earthquakes recorded by BATS from 1994 to 2005. Shallow events(depth < 30Km) and deep events(depth 30~100Km) with magnitude(Mw) larger than 6.0 are selected, respectively. The stacking procedure starts by calculating a ratio function, from a short-term-average(STA) to long-term-average(LTA) window for each point along the trace. This is a form of automatic gain control(AGC) that is similar to that used by Shearer(1991) and Earle and Shearer(1994). Ratio functions are stacked in bins corresponding to the epicentral distance and origin time of each event. The final stack is normalized by the number of traces per bin. Since the visibility of different body-wave phases varies as a function of frequency, the Butterworth band-pass filter is used before stacking. In the result, due to the location of major earthquake belts relative to BATS, the dataset is distributed unevenly in epicenter distance. There is a large spike in the distribution of the shallow events(depth<30km) between 20°~40°,75°~85°,135°~145° due to the seismically active subduction zones in the southwestern Pacific, Italy, and the Andes. The phases like P, Pdif, S, PP, SS, SKP, PKiKP, PKPdif could be observed in BATS. The travel time image provides empirical travel times and is also a useful education tool.

並列關鍵字

STA/LTA ratio stacking

參考文獻


Astiz, L., P. Earle, and P. Shearer (1996). Global stacking of broadband seismograms. Seismological Research Letters 67, 8–18.
Shearer, P. (1991). Imaging global body wave phases by stacking longperiod seismograms. Journal of Geophysical Research 96, 20,353–20,364
Kennet, B.L.N., and Engdahl, E. R.(1991).Travel times for global eartjquake location and phase identification. Geophys. J. Int. 105, 427-465
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Seth Stein and Michael Wysession (2003). An Introduction to Seismology,

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