做工地，做工人：營造勞動過程中的社會空間生產

Constructing Site, Acting Laborer: The Production of Social Space Over Building Workplace

許栢皓(Po-Hao Hsu)

指導教授 ： 黃舒楣

國立臺灣大學/工學院/建築與城鄉研究所/碩士(2021年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202100291

摘要

本研究關注現今集合住宅工地中層層外包的運作架構與樣貌，以及工地空間與工地勞動者之間如何互動的社會關係。藉由討論工人的勞動研究與社會空間之生產的概念，試圖補足工地勞動研究中的較少討論的空間意義。透過研究者於工地現場的參與式觀察與深度訪談，以呈現工地不同行動者的樣貌與工地勞動現況。
營造廠負責生產出建築產品，提供了外包制度下眾多承包商與工班的「頭路」。集合住宅作為台灣現今最主流的居住樣態，加上成熟的鋼筋混凝土技術，其施工過程是台灣工地最常見的風景。透過階級分析的初步視角，階級是流動而非固定靜止，開展在工人面前的是明確藉由掌握專業技術而向上晉升的道路。工頭兼具工人之勞動與承包商之頭家性格。監工與工務則介於管理與勞動之間的矛盾階級。在這樣政治經濟的主導結構中，各個階級的行動者面臨著施工品質、施工進度，以及時間與空間雙向度的壓力。他們透過根基於人情關係的協商機制，打造出共同的遊戲規則。關係是外包制度的基礎，也是工地運作中製造同意的治理機制。另一方面，工地中的「空間」既是關係著施工品質的住宅商品，也是工班施工之「腳路」空間，更是工人休息時的再生產空間，而成為必須爭奪與協商的場域。在外包制下的工地，空間是體現勞動過程的權力關係的媒介，工地治理框架下的資源與籌碼。透過不斷的協商，空間被不同工地行動者所使用，從而實踐出工地之社會空間。
相較於工廠之工人研究專注於勞動過程的正式與非正式安排，本研究透過描繪隨時變動的工地空間中，充滿關係之協商的治理樣貌，強調空間作為其中的關鍵作用力。總的來說，本研究對於工地社會空間提出初步探究，期望能充實勞動過程分析的空間取向，並以集合住宅之工地研究補充勞動研究的視角。

關鍵字

工地 ； 外包制度 ； 勞動研究 ； 空間生產 ； 空間網絡 ； 空間操演

並列摘要

This research focuses on the production of social space over building workplace by looking at the operational structure of the subcontracting system of the current apartment construction site, as well as the social relationship between the space and the laborers. Engaging with labor studies and theories of the production of space, the researcher is highlighting the spatial aspect of labor research on construction sites and in so doing complement existing scholarship of labor studies. Through participatory observation and depth interview conducted by researcher on the construction site, the appearance of different actors and the current labor conditions on the construction site are presented.
The construction company produces buildings as products and provides work for many contractors and laborers under the subcontracting system. With apartment buildings being the most popular living type and housing supply in Taiwan nowadays, the relatively mature reinforced concrete technology and construction process of apartment buildings have contributed to the making of a particular construction site that we have taken for granted in Taiwan today. From the perspective of class analysis, classes are fluid rather than static. It is a clear path for laborers to advancement by mastering professional skills. The foreman has both the characteristic of laborer and contractor boss. Supervisors are the self-conflicting class in between management and labor. In such a dominant structure of political economy, actors of various classes are facing the pressure of ensuring quality and efficiency in temporal and spatial senses. They create mutually agreed rules through negotiation based on relationship. Relationship is the foundation of the subcontracting system and the governance mechanism for manufacturing consent in the construction site.
On the other hand, the "space" of the construction site goes beyond the residential product as a result of the construction. The space is accumulative and fluid, created along the "footpath" of the laborers on a daily basis; it also results from the spontaneous and routinized practice of laborer finding space for rest - the reproduction space for construction - and therefore is inevitably becoming a field that must be contested and negotiated. At the construction site under the subcontracting system, space is the medium that reflects the power relationship of the labor process, the resources and the bargaining chip under the governance framework. Through continuous negotiation, the space is used by different actors, so as to realize the social space of the construction site.
Compared with the factory worker research focusing on the formal and informal arrangements of the labor process, this research emphasizes the constantly changing space as a key to understand the governance and negotiation at building workplace. All in all, the analysis of the social space of construction sites is expected to enrich the spatial perspective in labor studies.

並列關鍵字

construction sites ； sub-contracting ； labor studies ； production of space ； spatial network ； spatial performance

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