形式名詞「Koto」與「Mono」的中日對譯分析 — 以《金閣寺》為中心

本研究以三島由紀夫所著《金閣寺》中屬於形式名詞「koto」、「mono」的用例，並對照4個不同中譯本做為日中對照研究的資料，進一步對形式名詞「koto」「mono」的譯詞及相關使用情形加以探究。《金閣寺》中形式名詞的「koto」和「mono」用例共752例，其中「koto」有507例，「mono」有245例。在譯詞上分類為「句型」及「非句型」2種，屬於句型的譯詞如「ことができる」「ことになる」「ものがある」等屬於此類；屬於「非句型」的譯詞如「動詞辞書形+こと‧もの」、「動詞過去形+こと‧もの」、「動詞テイル形+こと‧もの」、「形容詞＋こと‧もの」等屬於此類。本研究將《金閣寺》中屬於形式名詞「koto」和「mono」的例句進行整理，共分析752個例句，並得出下列六個結論一.在《金閣寺》中的形式名詞「koto」及「mono」，在日中翻譯時，無譯詞的比例「koto」為58%，「mono」為62%，由此可知，日中翻譯時無譯詞的情形。二.在「句型」中，形式名詞「koto」及「mono」的譯詞，有實際的譯詞超出字典所記載譯詞之情形。三.在「句型」中的形式名詞「koto」及「mono」，屬於無譯詞的比例，「koto」佔48%；「mono」佔54%，即「句型」中的形式名詞「koto」「mono」的譯詞，於實際的翻譯作品上，並非一定有相對應的譯詞。四.在「句型」中的形式名詞「koto」及「mono」無譯詞部分比例高的原因，是因受到日文形式名詞的功能「體言化」的影響。五.在「非句型」中形式名詞「koto」「mono」的譯詞，「koto」的譯詞有45% 翻譯成「事」「事情」「事件」；「mono」的譯詞有67%翻譯成「東西」「物」「物體」。六.形式名詞「koto」「mono」的「具體化的譯詞」，其作用為代換原有譯詞並具體化譯詞，使譯文更加明確。

關鍵字

形式名詞；日中對譯分析；譯語；不譯；体言化

並列摘要

This study aims to further analyze the translated words and related sentences in the using of Japanese formal nouns, “koto” and “mono”, in The Temple of the Golden Pavilion (金閣寺, Kinkakuji) written by Japanese author Mishima Yukio. In this research, four different Chinese translative editions are compared as the data to interpret the formal nouns “koto” and “mono” in order to explore the translated words and related use cases of these formal nouns. In The Temple of the Golden Pavilion, there are 507 cases of “koto” and 245 cases of “mono”. The translated words are categorized into two groups which are “sentence patterns” and “non-sentence patterns”. “koto ga dekiru”, “koto ni Naru”, and “mono ga aru ” belongs to the category of “sentence pattern” while “Doushi+koto․mono”, “Doushi Kakokei+koto․mono”, “Doushi teirukei+koto․mono”, and “Keiyoushi+koto․mono” belongs to “non-sentence pattern.” The majority findings are as follows: 1. Formal nouns are not necessarily translated from Japanese to Chinese. 2. In the category of "sentence pattern", the actual translated words of the formal nouns “koto” and “mono” exceed the translated words recorded in the dictionary. 3. The translation of the formal nouns “koto” and “mono” in sentence patterns may not have corresponding words in actual translative works. 4. The high rate for “koto” and “mono” of elliptical translation is due to the influence of the Japanese formal nouns function of “taigenka.” 5. Among the translations of the formal nouns “koto” and "mono" in the "non-sentence pattern", “koto” are translated as a thing or an event while “mono” is translated into a substance or an object. 6. The concretized translation of the formal nouns “koto” and “mono” is used to replace the original translation to make the meaning of the sentences clearer.