德國外交政策歐洲化之研究：以2011年利比亞戰爭為例

The Study on the Europeanization of German Foreign Policy: Case Study on 2011 Libyan War

李柏儒(Po-Ju Lee)

指導教授 ： 張福昌

淡江大學/國際事務學院/歐洲研究所碩士班/碩士(2021年)

https://doi.org/10.6846/TKU.2021.00040

摘要

本文以2011年利比亞戰爭為個案，檢視當時德國與歐洲聯盟應對利比亞戰爭的政策，以及雙方在決策中如何交互影響；而在分析上則以歐洲化的「由上而下」與「由下而上」兩路徑和自由派政府間主義兩層次三階段、以及外交政策理論為理論架構：首先，闡述歐洲層次制度的產生，以及德國國內體制如何因應該制度而做出改變；再者，探討德國的國家利益與立場如何形塑成德國的國家偏好，進而在歐洲聯盟的場域中與歐盟成員國相互議價與談判，以影響歐洲層次制度的產生。

對於「歐洲化」過程的觀察，本研究有兩項發現：第一，在「由上而下」的路徑中，歐洲層次制度皆對於德國當時外交政策所造成的適應壓力較小，契合度較高，德國不須對其政策做出大幅度調整，因其在歐洲層次制度的形成過程中已嵌入其國家立場；第二，在「由下而上」的路徑中，德國因國內政治運作所形塑的國家偏好，深深影響與歐盟成員國相互議價，最後形成歐洲層次制度，所以經過此過程所產生的歐洲層次制度基本上與德國國家偏好相符。

準此以觀，從自由派政府間主義的視角，當歐盟機構與歐盟成員國談判制定歐盟外交政策時，成員國通常居於主導的角色，而歐盟機構的影響力則微乎其微，這充分說明了歐盟外交與安全政策屬於政府間途徑的特色。

然而，經本文的研究，「歐洲化」仍是一個定義模糊的概念，這對歐洲統合的研究，特別是歐盟機構與歐盟成員國互動關係的研究，是一種莫名的障礙。筆者期待本文能發揮拋磚引玉的作用，希望未來能透過學術先進的研究，給「歐洲化」一致的定義，以利歐盟學的研究。

關鍵字

德國外交政策 ； 歐洲化 ； 歐洲聯盟 ； 共同外交與安全政策 ； 利比亞戰爭

並列摘要

The study attempts to examine the German and EU’s foreign policy as well as the interaction between both sides toward 2011 Libyan War, using “top-down” and “bottom-up” approach of Europeanization, “Two level and three stages” from Liberal Intergovernmentalism, and Foreign Policy Theory as the theoretic structure to elaborate the impact to German domestic structure by the formation of the European institutions. Then, we discuss how German position was shaped by its domestic preferences, and observe its influence to the formation of the European institutions through bargaining with other member states in EU-level.

The study finds that the European institutions caused less adaptational pressure on German foreign policy, therefore Germany wouldn’t have to adjust its position in “top-down” approach since Germany had “uploaded” its position during the institutions was forming. In Addition, Germany had successfully influenced the European institutions during its formation process in “bottom-up” approach, resulting to the outcome abovementioned. From the Liberal Intergovernmentalism perspective, states-led decision-making process in EU foreign policy and the constrained influences of EU institutions also fully demonstrated the intergovernmental character in the EU CFSP.

However, the study stresses that “Europeanization” is still an ambiguously defined concept, which is an obstacle to the research in European integration, and the interaction between EU institutions and its member states in particular. The study wishes to provide some new thoughts, and hope that in the future, a consistent definition of “Europeanization” can be given to facilitate the EU studies.

並列關鍵字

German Foreign Policy ； Europeanization ； European Union ； Common Foreign and Security Policy ； Libyan War

參考文獻

外文文獻：

官方文件

“We were, we are and we will be on your side in facing these tremendous challenges” message by President Herman Van Rompuy to the Paris Conference on Libya, EUCO 63/11, Presse 291, Paris, 01.09.2011.

Clarke, Michael: The Making of Britain’s Libya Strategy, in: Johnson, Adrian/Mueen, Saqeb (eds.): Short War, Long Shadow: The Political and Military Legacies of the 2011 Libya Campaign, Whitehall Report 1-12, London: Royal United Services Institute, 2012, pp. 7-13.

Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union, OJ C 202, 07.06.2016.