塞爾維亞政治中的非正式運作體系之研究

本文以新制度主義中歷史制度論作為研究途徑，透過路徑依賴產生歷史遺緒的影響，探討塞爾維亞政治轉型的非正式運作，研究理論的核心為非正式制度、非正式網絡及非正式運作,分析其中恩庇侍從網絡及非正式運作模式。本文研究發現，塞爾維亞原始社會與封建制度的結構缺乏社會領域分離，以大家長制為主,且共產主義時期金字塔型的幹部名單制，將社會從上而下分層串連出裙帶關係，建立了官僚恩庇網絡。歷史及共產制度遺緒影響了塞爾維亞的政治轉型，非正式制度成俘獲國家(state capture)的現象，使制度成為菁英操弄政治的手段之一。此外，政治菁英由敵對分裂演變成分散型狀態，顯示不民主的政治環境，部分新舊菁英保有原先的勢力與財富，或是以職務之便獲得利益，因此武契奇執政時期，在政治上整合公共財政並避免改革，以半專制政權的方式,在薄弱的議會機構中通過政策、安排忠誠的黨員在行政機構,出現強人政治、流氓集團、政府財政不透明等情況，並透過媒體塑造政黨和武契奇的形象，限制媒體自由與抹黑競爭對手。

關鍵字

塞爾維亞政治轉型；非正式運作體系；非正式制度；制度遺緒；菁英政治；恩庇侍從主義

並列摘要

This thesis takes the historical institutional theory in the new institutionalism as a research approach, and discusses the informal practice of Serbia’s political transition through the influence of path dependence from historical legacies. The patron-client relationships and the political informal practice system are analyzed from informal institution, informal network and informal practice. This study finds that the structure of the primitive society and the feudal system in Serbia lacks the separation of social fields, and is dominated by the patriarchal system. The nomenklatura during the communist period separated the society from top to bottom and built bureaucratic patronage networks. The legacies of history and the communist system have influenced Serbia's political transition. The informal institution can be a phenomenon of "state capture", which has become a way for elites to manipulate politics. In addition, the political elites had evolved from a type of hostile split to a decentralized, showing an undemocratic political environment. The old and new elites retained their original power and wealth or gained benefits through their positions. Therefore, when Vucic came into power, he controlled political public finances and avoided reforms, policies passed in weak parliamentary bodies because of a semi-authoritarian regime and the loyal party members in executive bodies which resulted strongman politics, criminal gangs, undisclosed government finances, while shaping the image of political parties and Vucic through media, restricting media freedom and tarnishing the image of competitors.