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  • 學位論文

當代北愛爾蘭和平進程:權力共享作為和平的前提

Contemporary Peace Process in Northern Ireland: Power-sharing as the Precondition for Peace

指導教授 : 林立

摘要


北愛爾蘭地區從英國墾殖以來即存有英國新教徒移民與愛爾蘭天主教徒的雙邊族群問題,後者在英國統治之下長期居於弱勢地位。1949年,愛爾蘭共和國獨立之後,聯合派新教徒支持北愛爾蘭留在英國,共和派天主教徒則主張北愛與愛爾蘭共和國統一。從1960年代末期開始,北愛爾蘭問題因為雙方暴動頻仍而白熱化,自此經歷了30多年的嚴重暴力衝突時期,恐怖攻擊、流血事件造成社會動盪不安。在多方的努力促成之下,英國、愛爾蘭及北愛爾蘭各主要黨派終於在1998年簽訂了貝爾法斯特和平協議,此為北愛爾蘭和平所出現的第一道曙光,北愛的和平進程亦自此步上軌道,雙邊族群妥協以權力共享的模式,共同治理北愛爾蘭地方政府。然而自此成立的權力共享自治政府運行並不順利,雙邊族群難以達成共識並多次造成自治政府停擺。經過長達五年具歷史意義的談判之後,民主聯合黨與共和派新芬黨以及英、愛的領導人終於在2006年達成恢復北愛地方分權政府的聖安德魯斯協議,2007北愛爾蘭新權力分享政府正式恢復運作。 本論文針對當代的北愛爾蘭和平進程做進一步的分析與探討,期能夠建立一份具有完整性的北愛爾蘭專題研究。本文的研究目的為在一個具有國家認同及族群衝突的社會中,如何由衝突走向能夠「共存」。 本文以歷史研究與文獻分析作為研究方法,內容共分為六章,論述架構如下:首先第一章為緒論;第二章為北愛爾蘭問題的歷史進程,討論愛爾蘭天主教徒與英國新教徒政治、宗教、族群之衝突淵源,進而分析愛爾蘭問題如何轉變為北愛爾蘭問題;第三章為北愛爾蘭問題的解決途徑,包括英國與愛爾蘭共同解決北愛問題的過程、美國對北愛爾蘭和平進程的影響以及最終促成的貝爾法斯特和平協議;第四章探討根據和平協議所建立的北愛爾蘭權力共享自治政府,首先討論地方自治政府的運作模式、初期運作實況及所遭遇的垮台危機,再探討關於北愛爾蘭和平進程的重大突破以及其它對於北愛和平發展有所阻礙的因素;第五章為北愛爾蘭之轉型正義,討論英國及北愛爾蘭政府對於過去近40年來北愛衝突事件之受害者所進行的轉型正義行動及警政制度改革,並探究轉型正義對於北愛爾蘭族群衝突之影響;最後第六章提出本文結論。

並列摘要


The ethnic problems between the English protestant settlers and the Irish Catholics have existed ever since the days of British colonization. Under British rule, the Irish Catholics have remained a disadvantaged group for a long period. In 1949, the Republic of Ireland proclaimed its independence. Whilst the protestant unionists then supported Northern Ireland remaining a part of the United Kingdom, the catholic republicans appealed that Northern Ireland should be united with the Republic of Ireland. Because of the frequent violence between the two sides, the problems with Northern Ireland have become increasingly heated since the end of the 1960’s. Northern Ireland, as a result, has experienced severe social turbulence over the 30 years or so, when there were serious violent conflicts, terrorism attacks and bloody fights. With the efforts of many people, the major political parties of England, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland were finally concluded with the Belfast Agreement in 1998, bringing the first gleam of hope for peace in Northern Ireland. The long way toward a peaceful Northern Ireland has since been on track. A compromise has been reached between the ethnic groups of both sides that they would jointly rule the local government of Northern Ireland, sharing the power and responsibilities. The operation of the power-sharing autonomous government, which was established thereafter, was however unsuccessful. The difficulties in achieving any consensus among the ethnic groups of the two sides have, many times, led to the suspension of the autonomous government. After a lengthy yet historical negotiation of five years, a consensus was finally reached among the Democratic Unionist Party, the Republican Sinn Fein Party, as well as the English and British leaders. The St. Andrews Agreement was finally established in 2006, which restored the devolution of the Northern Ireland. In 2007, the administration of the new power-sharing government of the Northern Ireland was formally restored. The research provides an in-depth analysis and discussion on the Northern Ireland’s progress toward peace, aiming to establishing an integrated research paper on the Northern Ireland. The purpose of this study is to probe the approaches adopted by a society, which had been suffering from problems in national identification and ethnic conflicts, to move from “conflicts” to “coexistence”. The research methodologies include historical studies and documentary analysis. This paper contains six chapters. The research structure is outlined below: The first chapter contains an introduction to this research. In the second chapter, the author explains the historical background of the Northern Irish problems and discussed on the reasons of political, religious and ethnic conflicts between the Irish Catholics and the English Protestants. Further analysis is made on how the problems of Ireland have evolved into the Northern Irish problem. The third chapter discusses the process to solve the Northern Irish problems, including the problem-solving process jointly participated by the British and Irish governments, the U.S. influence on Northern Ireland’s progress toward peace, and the Belfast Agreement which was reached eventually. In the fourth chapter, the author further explores the power-sharing, autonomous government of the Northern Ireland, which has been established based on the Belfast Agreement. The initial discussion is focused on the administrative models adopted by the local government, the operational progress at the preliminary stage and the crisis of suspension encountered by the government. Secondarily, the author probes the significant breakthroughs achieved in Northern Ireland’s peace progress, as well as the factors impairing such progress. The fifth chapter deals with the “transitional justice” emerged in Northern Ireland. Further exploration has been made to understand the efforts made by the British and the Northern Ireland governments for victims of the Northern Irish conflicts over the recent 40 years, including the “transitional justice” approaches and reforms in the police and political systems. In this chapter, the author also studies the impact of the transitional justice on the ethnic conflicts in Northern Ireland. In chapter 6, the author provides the conclusion for this research paper.

參考文獻


甘逸驊,「北愛爾蘭和平進程:政府間因素與國際勢力的介入」《問題與研究》第43卷第2期(2004),頁1-30
呂光耀,「九一一事件後歐盟反恐政策之研究」,政治大學外交系戰略與國際事務在職專班碩士論文(2008)
施正鋒,「北愛爾蘭的和平」《台灣國際研究季刊》,第4卷第4期(2008),頁 117-143。
Arthur, Paul. (1984), Government and Politics of Northern Ireland. London: Longman.
Bew, Paul. (1997), Northern Ireland: Between War and Peace. London: Adamantine.

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