墨西哥童工問題與有條件現金轉移支付計劃之研究

在墨西哥，除了貧富差距大、貧窮人口數多等問題，童工問題也是墨西哥長期以來欲解決的，而這些童工大多出自經濟困難的家庭，因此不得不出外謀生並貼補家計。造成墨西哥童工問題的原因不只社會制度不公平，其背後種族觀念也從殖民時期開始潛移默化地影響著現代人們對於墨西哥原住民族群的看法，由於社會階級制觀念的殘存，進而影響到最社會上最脆弱的族群，即兒童。墨西哥於1997年實施「有條件現金轉移支付計劃」，目的消除貧困、減少墨西哥童工的產生，其成效顯著且備受各國廣泛使用，然而，墨西哥於2019年之時，將此計劃更名為「貝尼托•華雷斯獎學金」，其內容也取消原計劃的附加條件，因此許多原計劃的受益家庭及兒童勢必受到影響。本論文以歷史發展、社會、文化等角度，介紹及分析童工之背景、成因與現況，並探討有條件現金轉移支付計劃，加以深入了解墨西哥童工之問題。

關鍵字

墨西哥；貧窮；童工；有條件現金轉移支付計劃；貝尼托•華雷斯獎學金

並列摘要

In addition to the problems of large poverty gap and the populations of poverty, the child labor problems are also the long-term goal to solve in Mexico. Most of these child laborers come from families with financial difficulties, as a result, they have to work and help out with the family expenses. The causes of the child labor problems in Mexico are not only the inequality of social institution, but the influence of racial concept. It also secretly influences the perceptions of modern people on the indigenous people of Mexico since the colonial period. And the remnants of the social class system can have a significant impact on most vulnerable groups, especially children. In 1997, the “Conditional Cash Transfer programs (CCT)” was implemented in Mexico, for the purpose of eradicating poverty and reducing occurrence of child labor in Mexico. It has achieved remarkable results and been widely used by various countries. However, the CCT programs changed the name to “Becas Benito Juárez” in 2019 and also removed the additional conditions from the CCT programs. Therefore, many beneficiaries of families and children in the CCT programs are bound to be affected. This thesis aims to understand the child labor problems in Mexico firstly by introducing and analyzing the background, causes and current situation of child labors with historical development, society and cultural aspects, and secondly by studying the CCT programs.