探討臺灣中老年人社會及生理相關變項對生活滿意度影響之縱貫性研究

人民壽命的延長代表著已開發國家的重要標誌。隨著21世紀的趨勢，臺灣正在經歷高齡社會階段，老年人口已佔臺灣總人口的14.5％。對於這樣的人口變遷，關注老年人健康老化的進程比以往更為重要，而評估健康老化的代表性指標為生活滿意度，因此本研究目的想探討生活滿意度隨時間變化下，人口背景學、生理及社會健康對其影響的程度。使用臺灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查次級資料庫（TLSA），從該資料庫中篩選出3320位老年人，依照受訪時間分成三個世代，並長期追蹤生活滿意度與其他重要相關因子的影響。A世代使用該資料庫中1395位中老年人，初次追蹤時間為1996年且年齡層介於50-64歲，並持續追蹤至2011年，追蹤年數共15年，中間歷經5次調查；B世代使用該資料庫中678位老年人，初次追蹤時間為1996年且年齡層為72歲以上，並持續追蹤至2011年，追蹤年數共15年，中間歷經5次調查；C世代使用該資料庫中1247位中老年人，初次追蹤時間為2003年且年齡層介於50-64歲，並持續追蹤至2011年，追蹤年數共8年，中間歷經3次調查。再以階層線性模型分析老年人生活滿意度在人口背景學、生理及社會健康相關因子隨時間的交互作用。結果發現（一）不同世代老年人隨時間遞增下，反映出提升或減少生活滿意度的因子不同：A世代老年人反映出自覺健康狀況、社會情感支持及社會參與品質需求、B世代老年人反映出自覺健康狀況需求與C世代老年人反映出所重視的是社會情感支持需求，（二）各世代老年人之人口背景學、生理健康及社會健康部分因子會直接影響各世代老年人生活滿意度，（三）本研究新發現相較於有偶老年人，反而是喪偶老年人會對生活滿意度隨時間遞增顯著提升。因此，未來在發展國家政策上面可以朝著增進老年人社會參與品質，並以促進社會情感支持方面續發展，同時婚姻狀態的關係也是未來值得研究的方向。

關鍵字

生活滿意度；老年人；階層線性模型；健康老化；高齡社會

並列摘要

The dramatic increase in lifespan is often a hallmark of industrial nations. Following this trend into the 21st century, Taiwan is now experiencing an aging society. With over 14.5% of its population considered elderly, it is more important than ever for Taiwanese society to shift its focus to improving positive aging among this burgeoning demographic. This study aims to explore the factors related to life satisfaction, which the study uses as a proxy for healthy aging. Using the TLSA database that includes a sample size of 3320 and three time-separated generations, it analyzes changes in life satisfaction and its related variables. Generation A consists of 1395 elderly aged 50-64, surveyed first in 1996 and four more times until 2011, for a total of 15 years. Generation B consists of 678 elderly aged over 72, surveyed first in 1996 and four more times until 2011, for a total of 15 years. Generation C consists of 1247 elderly aged 50-64, surveyed first in 2003 and two more times until 2011, for a total of 8 years. Hierarchical Linear Modeling is used in this study to explain life satisfaction with respect to demographic, physiological, and social health variables over time. Conclusively, the study finds the following: (1) the variables directly affecting life satisfaction are unique across different generations and different pe-riods in life, with respect to time. Generation A values self-rated health, social emotional support and social participation. Generation B values self-rated health. Generation C val-ues social emotional support. (2) Generation A, B and C groups show that demographic, physiological health, and social health variables partially affect life statisfiction in elderly. (3) Finally, the study suggests that the loss of a spouse is correlated with increased life satisfaction among elderly, with respect to time. Thus, regarding future government policy to improve healthy aging, encourage higher social participation quality, and increase social emotional support development among Taiwan's elderly, both generational differences and marital status must be considered.

並列關鍵字

Life satisfaction ； elderly ； Hierarchical Linear Modeling ； Healthy aging ； Aged society

參考文獻

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238

吳舜堂、陳欽雨（2017）．高齡長者社會支持、社會參與與活躍老化關係之研究．福祉科技與服務管理學刊，5(4)，331-352。https://doi.org/10.6283/JOC-SG.201712_5(4).331