隨著臺灣少子高齡化的進展,老年人口佔總人口的比率正快速的增加,因此有必要了解影響中老年人幸福感的因素。目前同時探討收入、金錢正負向態度、五大人格特質、現金期待缺口以及心理幸福感的研究相當罕見,因此本研究欲以結構方程模型建立上述影響心理幸福感因子之間的關係。 本研究為橫斷式問卷調查,並使用「心理幸福感量表」、「金錢態度量表」、「全球化人格量表」做為資料收集工具,將所得資料以描述性統計、t檢定與結構方程模型進行統計分析。 結果發現到中年人在心理幸福感的環境掌控上顯著高於老年人;中年人去年的月均收入顯著高於老年人;中年人在金錢負向態度的不信任向度上顯著低於老年人;中年人所得低於所得期待,但老年人所得高於所得期待;中年人的所得高於儲蓄期待,但老年人的所得低於儲蓄期待;而中老年人之間在金錢正向態度、人格的外向性與神經質上均不存在顯著差異。 而心理幸福感之結構方程模型獲得支持。此模型顯示外向性程度越高者金錢正向態度越高,代表越會為未來進行財務規畫並謹慎使用金錢,進而可能有較高的收入,而收入越高,現金期待缺口越小,則心理幸福感程度越高。 神經質程度越高者,其金錢負向態度越高,意即越會將金錢視為權力的象徵、越會對金錢的使用抱持懷疑、猶豫不決的態度、越會對於缺錢產生焦慮。金錢負向態度越高者,除了可直接造成現金期待缺口越大,也可藉由收入作為中介變項,造成收入越低,並使得現金期待缺口越大,最後共同造成心理幸福感程度越低。另外,本研究也發現收入對心理幸福感的影響可由現金期待缺口完全中介,代表現金或許可以直接買到幸福,但在所得與期望間的差距之介入下,卻無法再直接買到幸福,而須透過現金期待缺口作為中介。最後,從本研究結果可知,人格的養成和對現金的期待可能影響心理幸福感的發展。
Due to the decreasing birth rate and gradual aging of the Taiwanese society, the elderly accounts for an increasingly large percentage of the overall population. It is thus necessary to gain more understanding on the factors that influence the sense of well-being for middle-aged and older people. To date, few researches have provide in-depth analyses on the correlation between income, positive and negative monetary property, and the assessment of psychological well-being in relation to discrepancy in expected and actual amount of monetary property. Therefore, this study intends to construct a structural equation model to manifest the interrelationship between all the above mentioned factors. The research is a cross-sectional survey, using Psychological Well-being Scale (PWS), Money Attitude Scale (MAS), International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) for data collection. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, and structural equation modeling. The study results indicate that middle-aged people gain significantly higher sense of psychological well-being through environmental mastery compared to people in older age, while earning significantly higher monthly income. Middle-aged people also have significantly lower level of negative money attitude than older people, although middle-aged people actually earn lower than they have expected, in contrast to older people who earn more than expected. On the other hand, middle-aged people have income higher than their expected deposit level whereas this is again the opposite for the order people. There are no significant differences between the two groups regarding positive money attitude, the extraversion, and the level of conscientiousness. The structural equation model on psychological well-being proposed by this study shows excellent fitness. It indicates that a person with a higher level of extraversion tend to have a higher level of positive money attitude. A higher level of positive money attitude further lead to a higher income level, which indicates a smaller discrepancy in expected and actual of monetary property. With these comes a sense of psychological well-being. On the other hand, Individuals with a lower level of conscientiousness tend to have a higher level of negative money attitude. They tend to view money as a symbol of power or prestige, while showing a doubtful, wishy-washy attitude toward the use of money, and are anxious about being in poverty. A higher level of negative money attitude would not only directly result in a larger gap of expected and actual monetary property but also acts through the income as the intervening variable, which results in a lower income and thus a further gap between expected and actually earned money. These collectively lead to a low sense of well-being. This study also proves that the discrepancy between expected and actual amount of monetary property could translate directly into psychological well-being, namely that while well-being cannot be bought as an immediate commodity with cash, it is influenced by the discrepancy between expected and actual monetary property. Finally, personality cultivation and monetary expectancy of an individual can influence the development of the sense of psychological well-being.