兒向語語法複雜性與詞彙使用的縱向與橫向研究

Grammatical Complexity and Vocabulary of Child Directed Speech: A Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Study

張淑丰(Chang Shu-Feng)

指導教授 ： 黃瓊之

國立政治大學/外國語文學院/語言學研究所/碩士(2022年)

https://doi.org/10.6814/NCCU202201145

摘要

過去比較兒向語特徵的相關研究多著重於不同語言發展階段的兒童做探討。然而，較少研究探討不同前語言發展階段的兒童以及跨前語言發展階段到語言發展階段的兒童。因此，本論文旨在了解兒童在不同前語言發展階段以及跨前語言發展階段到語言發展階段時，兒向語特徵比較的差異。研究問題如下：(一) 針對年齡較大和較年幼的兒童，兒向語在語法複雜性和詞彙使用方面有何不同？ (二) 針對同一位兒童歷時的研究，兒向語在語法複雜性和詞彙使用方面有何不同？
研究語料來自兩個家庭的自然對話，每個家庭包含一位母親及兩位兒童。每一次的錄影過程中，母親分別先和語言發展階段的兒童互動，再和前語言發展階段的兒童互動。語料蒐集分成兩次，兩次的錄影時間間隔四個月。本論文為縱向與橫向研究。研究框架主要採用Snow (1972)、Rowe (2012)、Phillips (1973)的分析方式。
研究結果發現在橫向研究中，當兒童在前語言發展階段時，兒向語的語法複雜性以及詞彙使用的數量、多樣性會下降；反之，當兒童在語言發展階段時，兒向語的語法結構較複雜，詞彙使用的數量也會增加。在縱向研究中，當兒童兩次錄影為不同語言發展階段時，和橫向研究有相似的結果。然而，當兒童兩次錄影為不同前語言發展階段以及跨前語言發展階段到語言發展階段時，卻有不同的結果。另外，本研究亦就兒童的不同語言學習發展階段解釋這些差異。

關鍵字

兒向語 ； 語法複雜性 ； 詞彙使用 ； 兒童語言發展階段

並列摘要

Previous studies have compared the features of CDS directed to children who were at different linguistic stages. However, few studies have targeted CDS at different pre-linguistic stages and across pre-linguistic stage to linguistic stage. The present study aimed to see how CDS differs during and between the aforementioned stages. The research questions are: (1) How does CDS directed to older and younger children differ in terms of grammatical complexity and vocabulary? (2) How does CDS directed to the same child differ across time in terms of grammatical complexity and vocabulary?

The present study examined CDS production in natural conversations produced by two families. Each family consisted of a mother and her two children. The mother interacted with her older child of linguistic stage and interacted with her younger child of pre-linguistic stage respectively. Two recording sessions were conducted on separate days over four months. This research was longitudinal and cross-sectional. The mothers’ performances of CDS were analyzed based on the frameworks of Snow (1972), Rowe (2012), and Phillips (1973).

The results showed a decreased grammatical complexity and decreased word quantity and quality of CDS directed to younger children of pre-linguistic stage, while more complex structures and more words of CDS were directed to older children of linguistic stage in the cross-sectional study. In the longitudinal study, there were similar results when children were at different linguistic stages in two recording sessions. However, the results were different when children were at different pre-linguistic stages and across pre-linguistic stage to linguistic stage in two recording sessions. Moreover, this present study also contributed to explaining these differences in terms of children’s different developmental stages of language learning.

並列關鍵字

Child-directed speech ； Grammatical complexity ； Vocabulary ； Developmental stages of child language

參考文獻

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