建築物附設停車空間使用人員特性及防火避難設施調查研究-以臺北縣市量販店為例

建築物附設停車空間目前於中央建築及消防主管機關解釋函中均視為非居室空間，依法免檢討建築及消防法規之相關規定，造成停車空間之防火避難安全長久以來為大眾所忽視。本研究目的如下所示：一、量販店附設停車空間之使用人員特性調查二、量販店附設停車空間防火避難設施調查三、量販店附設停車空間避難危險因子評估本研究以臺北縣市量販店所附設之室內停車空間為研究對象，本研究成果如下：一、量販店附設停車空間之使用人員特性調查：本研究選擇3個案例進行調查，分別為專賣式量販店、倉儲式量販店及DIY式量販店，以販售食衣住行日常用品為主之倉儲式量販店，在本研究中為使用人員數量最多、收容人員密度最高之類型，後續研究可針對此類型之量販店進行相關課題探討，其餘類型量販店因人員數量、密度低，對於防火避難之不利影響相對較低。停車空間雖不像一般居室空間有人員長期停留使用，但具有人員短期集中、流動等特性，並有大量可燃物如汽機車、商品等等，有其發生災害之危險性。二、量販店附設停車空間防火避難設施調查量販店附設之停車空間目前於建管機關視為非居室，在不需檢討建築技術規則相關規定前提下，僅能依賴業主、建築師自主設置相關防火避難設施，本研究探討台北縣市單一類型量販店防火避難設施現況，在3個案例中，有2個案例依規定自主設置防火區劃。以案例B為例，地下1層樓地板面積高達12000㎡，雖有每3000㎡設置防火區劃符合建築技術規則第79條規定，但室內僅僅設置1座安全梯，無法提供較為理想之兩方向避難，對於建築物之防火避難安全明顯不利。三、量販店附設停車空間避難危險因子評估避難指示設備無法提供明確路徑以避難至避難層，以調查結果顯示，避難指示設備引導避難人員至室內樓梯通往地上1樓後，須於該層平面轉換避難路徑，無法提供直通避難層之避難路徑，對於弱勢者之避難結果有不利影響。且安全梯如因設置數量不足，無法提供兩方向避難時，造成避難距離過長，人員不易尋找避難路徑，無法以目視方式判別安全梯位置。另外，購物推車對於避難行為之影響並不明顯，調查結果顯示除非有特殊違規情形外，正常情況下購物推車影響人員避難行為尚在合理範圍之內，但通往安全梯之出入口或門廳，為人員等待聚集處，災害時有可能成為避難路徑上之瓶頸，管理單位可能需透過管理維護方式加以改善。

關鍵字

建築物附設停車空間；使用人員特性；防火避難

並列摘要

The additional parking space in the building was defined a non-living space in the current explanation of the building and the fire fighting authority. Without reviewing the regulation of building and fire-control cause the safety of fire prevention was ignored by population. The goals of the research are as follows： 1. The research of the users’ characteristics in the parking space of the discount stores in Taipei city（county）. 2. The research of fire prevention and refuge facilities in the parking space of the discount stores in Taipei city（county）. 3. The evaluation of the refuge risk factors in the parking space of the discount stores in Taipei city（county）. This study focus on the parking space of the discount stores in Taipei city（county）. The results of the study are as follows： The research of the users’ characteristics in the parking space of the discount stores： This study selects three different cases to survey such as the special discount stores, the warehouse discount stores, and the DIY discount stores. In this study, the discount stores selling daily used products is the model which has maximum users and the higher density of accept people. The following study can focus the kind of the discount stores to do some related researches. Because of the lower people amount and density, other style warehouses cause lower effects of harmful fire-control and refuge. The parking space doesn’t have people stay for long time as the living space. However, people would group and pass in a while in the parking space, and there are a lot of inflammables such as cars, motorcycles, and products. Thus, the parking space would be dangerous to cause disaster. The research of fire prevention and refuge facilities in the parking space of the discount stores in Taipei city（county）： The parking space in the discount stores was defined a non-living space by the building authority. Because the parking space would not be review by the building technical rules and related regulations, it was only depended on owners and architects to install these fire prevention and refuge facilities. This study would describe the fire prevention and refuge condition of the specific model discount stores. In the three cases, there are two cases was set a fire control area by regulars. For the case B, the floor area of the first basement is 12000㎡. Although, setting a fire control area every 3000㎡ meet the building tech technical rules. However, there is only a safety stairs in door which would not provide a ideal refuge from both running way. It would damage the safety during fire in the buildings. The evaluation of the refuge risk factors in the parking space of the warehouse in Taipei city（county）： The signal can not provide clear running way in order to take people refuge to a safety area. This result of the study tells when the signal track people to the first floor tough the in door stairs, people need to change the running path on the floors. Because the signal could not provide the direct running path, it would cause the harmful result. And then not enough safety stairs could not provide two way to refuge. It would causes people running away from a safety area and difficult to see the safety stairs by eyes. In addition, the shopping carts would not affect the behavior of refuge too much. In normal condition, the refuge effect of shopping carts is in the regular range. However, the passageway connects the lobby and the stairs could be a bottleneck during the disaster. The management office would need to improve by management and maintain.