台灣日治時期佛寺納骨塔之研究

日治時期台灣經歷了日本佛教同化，伴隨官方衛生政策與提倡日本內地式葬儀的影響，導致傳統喪葬習慣由土葬開始轉為火葬。清代以前，由葬儀衍生之建築類型多以墳墓為主，日治以後為因應當時火葬迅速成長風潮，各地佛寺在建塔供奉圓寂僧侶舍利遺骨時，亦同時考慮了信眾安奉骨灰的需求。由各文獻顯示，清代以前雖有類似存放骨灰罐之場所，但並未明確指出是否以納骨塔之建築形式出現，1917年基隆靈泉禪寺三塔落成，為台灣首座納骨塔建築，可供一般信眾存放骨灰。爾後，諸多佛寺亦陸續興建相同性質之建築。本研究以台灣佛寺之納骨塔為對象，針對日治時期所建之案例進行田野調查，配合相關文獻相互驗證，以釐清佛寺興建納骨塔之淵源，並探究其建築與空間構成關係。建築方面，經由不同案例的比較分析，分別就環境配置、建築形式、內部空間、外部裝飾等面向，依其特色與類型加以討論分類；空間部分，觀察各案例的空間劃分與使用方式，並對照供奉對象的重要性與角色，印證納骨塔之核心空間與其倫理位序關係；最後，經由各年中祭儀的活動記錄，對儀式進行與場所之關聯性進行討論，以提出納骨塔的角色定位。

關鍵字

納骨塔；佛寺；日治時期；臺灣研究

並列摘要

During the Japanese occupied period, Taiwan was assimilated by Japanese Buddhism. Under the influence of official health policy and promotion of Japanese funeral rites, traditional Taiwanese funeral rites gradually changed change from burial in the ground to cremation. Before Qing Dynasty, funeral architectures were mainly built into graves. After the Japanese occupied period, Buddhist temples also considered the requirement of believers about their bone ash when building pagodas for the Buddhists relics in cope with the rapid trend of cremation at that time. According to the literatures, there were storage places for bone ash urn before Qing Dynasty, but it didn’t definitely mentioned whether they were presented with Columbarium building styles. In 1917, Three Pagodas of Ling-Chuan Buddhist Temple were completed in Keelung which is the first Columbarium in Taiwan and can be used for believers to store bone ash. Later, many Buddhist temples consecutively built similar architectures. This study takes Taiwan Buddhist temples’ columbarium as the subject and makes field investigations on the building cases in Japanese occupied period to make clear about the source of Buddhist temples and columbarium with the cooperation of related literature. It also explores the relationship between architecture and spatial constitution. In terms of architecture, it discusses and classifies the characteristics and types of environment allocation, architecture forms, inner space, external decoration and other aspects by comparing and analyzing different cases. In terms of space, it observes the space division and usage modes of different cases and also compares the importance and roles of consecrated subjects to testify the relationship between columbarium’s kernel space and its ethic order. Finally, the study discusses the relationship between rituals and sites from the records of ritual activities held every year so as to provide role orientation of columbarium.