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  • 學位論文

台灣鄉間土木包工業執業型態與營運模式初探-以彰化縣鄉間土木包工業為例

Studies on the Business Operation Models of Small Buildersin Rural Areas of Taiwan - Case Studies in Chang-Hua County

指導教授 : 胥直強

摘要


因鄉間土木包工業承接之鄉間一般民宅小型工程未向政府機關申報,以致營建產值無從掌握。更因未申報列管,以致鄉間營建行為往往置外於一般的工程規範,普遍的品質欠佳,他們特殊的營運模式值得作進一步暸解。 本研究採用田野訪查方式逐步累積案例,經由歸納比較後初步掌握鄉間土木包工業之執業型態,嘗試從其執業型態探究形成之背景因素及其影響。經現場記錄鄉間工程(4個案主,共13件工程案例,記錄時間為96年7月至97年1月,每件工程最少2天一次現場觀察,每次約4小時)。本研究發現鄉間工程行主持人在當地人際關係與承接工程的數量有重大影響,施工技術反非取得工程之主要因素,這也說明為何鄉間工程會有普遍品質欠佳之現象。 本研究主要結論為: 一、台灣鄉間土木包工業執業型態可分成四種: (一)家族型,以家族成員組成個人工程行,主要採用主包商方式執行業務。 (二)庄頭型,以庄頭成員組成個人工程行,主要採用分包商方式執行業務。 (三)專業型,以技術成員組成專業施工團隊,主要採用主包商方式執行業務。 (四)其他型,以家族成員、庄頭成員或技術成員混合組成專業施工團隊,採用主包商或分包商方式執行業務。 二、台灣鄉間土木包工業之營運模式 三、鄉間土木包工業施工品質低落情形及原因如下: (一)材料來源不明及相關試驗不足-不要求材料出廠證明、不做材料相關試驗 (二)施工現場環境不良-施工前規劃不足 (三)無專業人員長駐施工現場-本身無專業相關認證 (四)施工人員經常目視尺寸-為施工方便而不使用量測工具 (五)技術工品質較不穩定-施工人員無相關專業證照 (六)現場安全性不足-施工者習慣及業主不要求 (七)工人施工技術認知不足,生活素養不足-對自身工班要求過低 (八)沒有專業相關技師簽證-靠本身施工經驗 (九)發生糾紛,無正式保障-不合法申報工程,遊走法律邊緣 四、本研究對鄉間土木包工業營運現況及未來發展建議如下: (一)現況建議 1. 保持良好人際關係,進而加以提升施工品質,使自已及擁有工班進行工程品質教育再造,提高工程技術能力及施工品質。最重要是提高施工人員道德觀,每件工程盡最大能力進行,以求最高工程品質。 2. 加強工地控管能力,減少工程施工時間及不必要花費,使工程持續進行,不要因施工方式未確定或是施工材料未進場而工程停工,提高自身工地控管能力,相對就是提高工程利潤。 3. 提高本身及施工人員生活素養,使施工現場乾淨,給現場施工人員有好的施工環境,好的施工環境可降低工地危安事件發生及提高工作效率,提高工作效率就是降低工時(降低工程成本),相對就是提高工程利潤。 (二)未來發展建議 1. 在工程需求至取得階段: (1) 應多方面(如網路及廣告)取得工程,不再只靠人際關係。 (2) 應將勞安衛設置及工程保險費用計入估價,並向業主說明。 (3) 應與業主簽訂工程契約,保障勞資雙方權益。 (4) 應將工程合法申報,不再置身法律外。 2. 在工程取得至施工階段: (1) 應了解如何做好工程施工前完整規劃。 (2) 應了解如何於工程現場設置完善安全設施。 3. 在工程施工至完工階段: (1) 應落實施工前規劃及工程契約相關規定。 (2) 應依工程契約查驗,不再僅靠目視驗收。 4. 在完工使用階段: (1) 應適當給予不同工程不同保固時限,並有信譽的執行。

並列摘要


Due to the small builders in rural areas are not registered with legal authorities, therefore their values of construction productivity are not included in the official figure. Furthermore, because these construction activities are not declared, they exist outside of regulation and oversight, and usually result in inferior quality output. We need to further investigation on the operational process of such activities. This research organizes and compares information gathered through field interviews to understand the business model of small builders in rural areas; and it tries to investigate relevant underlying factors and their influences.(4 targets, amount to 13 project cases, recorded time as from July of 2007 to January of 2008, each project was observed live once in 2 days at least, it takes about 4 hours each time.)This research organizes and compares information gathered through field interviews to understand the business model of small builders and sub-contractors in rural areas; and it tries to investigate relevant underlying factors and their influences. The main conclusions of this research are: 1.the business models of small builders in rural areas of Taiwan can be divided into four categories: A.Family type: construction firms made up of family members; they are typically general contractors. B.Village type: construction firms made up of village members; they are typically sub-contractors. C.Professional types, construction firms made up of professionals; they are typically general contractors. D.Other types, construction firms made up of family members and professionals; they are typically general contractors or sub-contractors. 2.The operational process of small builders in rural areas of Taiwan 3.The low quality of construction and reason of small builders as follows: A.The material source unidentified and tested insufficiently relevantly – not to require proves to be dispatched from the factory and not makes correlated testing of materials. B.The environment of construction site is bad - Plan insufficiently before constructing. C.Professional personnel do not stay at the construction site long time- Do not have professional relevant authentication itself. D.Often eyes of constructors look at the size - Without tools for suitable construction. E.Technical staff have relatively unstable quality - do not have relevant career certificates. F.On-the-spot security is insufficient - Habits and owners of persons who construct are not required. G.Worker's construction technology is insufficient in cognition, life accomplishment is insufficient - require one's own worker's class low H.There are no professional relevant technician's visas - Depend on one's own construction experience. I.The dispute takes place, has not ensured formally - declare the construction illegally, on the edge of law. 4.This research wraps up the present situation of industrial operation and development in the future to propose to the small builders as follows: A.The present situation is proposed i.Keep good interpersonal relationships, improve construction quality, make already and have worker class to go on construction quality educate and to improve engineering ability and construction quality. Most important to improve constructors moral concept, each construction makes the most ability go on to the limit, in order to supreme construction quality. ii.Strengthen the construction site and accuse of being in charge of ability, reduce engineering time of project and unnecessary cost, make project go on continuously, need because construction way confirm or construct material march into the arena and the project stop work, improve one's own building site and accuse of being in charge of ability, relatively just improve the project profit. iii.Improve itself and constructors' life accomplishment, make the construction site clean, have good construction environment for on-the-spot constructors, the good construction environment can reduce the endanger incident happen on construction site and improve working efficiency, improve working efficiency is reduce man-hour (Reduce the cost of construction).Relatively, it improves the construction profit. B.Development suggestion of future i.The stage from demand to get: a.Should be in many aspects to take construction (Such as network and advertisement), no longer only depend on the interpersonal relationships. b.Should set up safety for on-the-spot constructors and the construction insurance premium is charged to appraised, and prove to the owner. c.Should sign the construction agreement with owner, ensure the rights of both sides of the constructors and owners. d.Should declare the construction legally, does not exist outside of regulation again. ii.The stage from get to construction: a.Should understand how to do a good job completed planning before constructing. b.Should understand how to set up and improve the safety devices in the construction site. iii.The stage from construction to completion: a.Should implement the relevant regulations of planning and construction agreement before constructing. b.Should check in accordance with the construction agreement, is not looked at and confirms only by the eye again. iv.The stage from completion to use: a.The firm time limit is protected differently for different constructions that should be appropriate, there is execution of prestige.

參考文獻


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一、書籍
[1] 內政部營建署會計室,94年營造業經濟概況調查報告,內政部營建署,2007

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