馬六甲的世界遺產論述研究

2008年，馬來西亞的馬六甲與檳城喬治市聯合，成功以「馬六甲海峽歷史城市」之名登錄聯合國教科文組織（UNESCO）的「世界遺產名錄」（World Heritage List），成為馬來西亞首個世界文化遺產項目。馬六甲作為國家遺產重地，世界遺產的頭銜更一舉提高了其國際知名度，現代的都市發展計畫、觀光產業更不缺與之相連結。然而，並非所有人都認同這樣的發展模式，進而引發了對世界遺產定義、價值和意義的論戰和爭議。為了理解這樣的現象，本研究從再現理論探討遺產的本質，以「論述」的概念了解遺產的建構，從而進一步提出遺產的意義必須從其所處的社會脈絡中來理解。本文首先探究了促成馬六甲世界遺產的歷史文化過程，以檢視官方的「世界遺產」論述如何建構與實踐。接著，本文將此論述置於當代的社會脈絡之中，以了解該遺產論述的當代意義。本文發現，馬六甲世界遺產存在著鞏固上層社會與政治菁英地位和價值的「權威的遺產論述」（authorized heritage discourse），進而使地方上某些群體成為被排除或邊緣化的對象。為此，地方上一些社群成員開始提出一種異於官方遺產論述的價值與實踐。他們透過另一種遺產論述的建構，對社會中的不公平及權威性提出了挑戰。因此，遺產是一種權力工具、一種政治資源，更是一種回應社會關係的社會行動。而遺產異質、多元、變動的本質，亦使它無從避免各種爭議。

關鍵字

馬六甲；世界遺產；論述分析；權威的遺產論述；社群

並列摘要

In 2008, Malaysia’s two cities, Malacca and George Town, Penang, were successfully inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List with the name of "Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca", becoming the first World Cultural Heritage Site in Malaysia. Not only does the World Heritage title raise Malacca’s international reputation, but it also boosts its modern urban development projects as well as tourism industry. However, not everyone agrees with such a development model, which in turn raises controversy and over the definition, value and meaning of World Heritage. In order to understand this phenomenon, this study explores the nature of the heritage from the perspective of the Representation theory and understands the construction of the heritage with the concept of "discourse", which further suggests that the meaning of heritage must be understood from the social context. This paper first explores the historical and cultural processes that led to the world heritage of Malacca in order to examine how the official "World Heritage" discourse was constructed and practiced. Then, the discourse will be discussed in the contemporary social context, in order to understand the contemporary significance of the heritage discourse. This paper finds that Malacca's world heritage has an "authorized heritage discourse" that consolidates upper-class social and political elitist status and values, thereby making certain groups at the local level the object of exclusion or marginalization. To this end, some local community members began to propose a new type of value and practice that is different from the official heritage discourse. Through the construction of another kind of heritage discourse, they challenge the unfairness and authority of society. In summary, the heritage is a power tool, a political resource, more than anything it is a social action responding to the social relations. Moreover, the nature of the heritage, namely the heterogeneity, diversity and nature of change, has caused the inevitable existence of disputes around it.

並列關鍵字

Malacca ； World Heritage ； discourse analysis ； authorized heritage discourse ； community

參考文獻

周平（2012）。論述分析。載於瞿海源、畢恆達、劉長萱、楊國樞（主編），社會及行為科學研究法：質性研究法（頁93-131）。台北市：東華出版社。

Harrison, R. (2009). The politics of heritage. In R. Harrison (eds.), Understanding the politics of heritage (pp. 154-196). Manchester: Manchester University Press.

文芸、傅朝卿（2013）。當代社會中遺產價值的保存與維護。建築學報，84，77-96。

Ahmad, A. T. (2015). Museums, History and Culture in Malaysia. Singapore: NUS Press.

Amoroso, D. J. (2014). Traditionalism and the Ascendancy of the Malay Ruling Class in Colonial Malaya. Malaysia: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre; Singapore: NUS Press.

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馬六甲的世界遺產論述研究

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