蘭陽平原冥婚習俗之調查研究

在漢人社會中，受到傳統漢人家族社會架構的影響，男性為社會主體，因此發展出父系制度，一男嗣的出生，即在其父所代表之家族內自動構成一「房」，而女子不論成婚或招贅婚，也無法構成一「房」。女子取得家族和房的成員資格僅能靠婚姻一途，所有已婚女子跟隨其夫，在去世後將他們的牌位擺置於其夫家之公媽廳拜桌上。如果未婚即去世之女子，其牌位不得進入其父親家族之公廳，接受正式的祭拜。冥婚是讓未婚而死亡的女子能獲得其家族和房的地位一種安排，冥婚顯示出嚴密的房和家族之觀念如何應用在未婚即過世的女子身上。本論文將討論的冥婚以活男娶鬼女為主要，並用蘭陽平原上所舉行的冥婚習俗為例來說明。本文的材料，是筆者在2010年3月至2011年11月所作田野調查得來。本論文主要內容分為：蘭陽平原上冥婚之類型、蘭陽平原上冥婚習俗與實例、冥婚存在原因、冥婚習俗中主要人物及冥婚與活婚在婚儀上之差異。

關鍵字

冥婚習俗；宜蘭婚俗；婚儀比較；媒婆；儀式

並列摘要

In Han Chinese society, due to the influence of the traditional family construction of Han Chinese society, a male-dominated society, thus, patriarchal system was developed. Once a male descendant was born, he became one “Fang” automatically in the family represented by his father. However, for a female, no matter if she was married patrilocal or uxorilocal, she couldn’t become one “Fang” of her natal family. The only one way for a female to become a member of a family or “Fang” was through marriage, all married women were entitled to follow their husbands and their memorial tablets could be put on the altars in the ancestral halls after they passed away. If they died unmarried, their tablets were not allowed to enter into and accept the worship in the public halls of their natal families. Ghost marriage is a kind of arrangement for an unmarried dead female to obtain postion in a family or a “Fang”. It indicates how the strict concept of Fang and family was applied to the dead. This article mainly discusses about one type of ghost marriage, which involves a living male marries to a dead female, taking the custom of ghost marriages held in Lan-Yang Plain as examples. The materials of this article were obtained in the field research from Mar. 2010 to Nov. 2011. The main contents in this article include types of the ghost marriages in Lan-Yang Plain, custom and examples of the ghost marriages in Lan-Yang Plain, the cause of the existence of ghost marriages, the main characters in ghost marriages and the ritual difference between ghost marriage and the marriage of living persons.