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  • 學位論文

資本主義之數位化與監控化—競爭法制新紀元

From “Digital Capitalism” to “Surveillance Capitalism”—The New era of Competition Law

指導教授 : 彭心儀

摘要


本文以資本主義的過渡期作為撰寫的時代背景,介在數位化與監控化的時代,正是競爭法制的極限時刻。資本主義發展這300年來,伴隨每次爆炸性的工業革命與科技進步,便會帶動整體商業模式的變革與資本累積邏輯的創新。本文擬從歷史脈絡分析從18世紀以降,以歐美為首的資本主義市場在社會、經濟、法律與政治因子下,與競爭理論之間互為幫襯、互為因果的關係。迄今為止,第三次工業革命進入到數位資本主義時代,大型數位平台成為全球市值前五大企業,數據資本的經濟性格在網路效應、學習效應與規模經濟等幫襯下,民眾以無償的使用數據換取零取價的服務,不知不覺中,我們成為科技巨頭的生財工具,逐步將人類推向監控資本主義。 為今之計,競爭法執法或許是阻擋巨頭入侵的盾牌,但在新自由主義與芝加哥學派的歷史遺緒下,新布蘭迪斯學派身為擴權反托拉斯法的倡議者,兩者競爭觀的衝突與矛盾便是本文討論的核心。芝加哥學派長期掌握美國反托拉斯法執法的話語權,但本文在第三章案例分析當中,特別在Facebook/WhatsApp案援引FTC在今年8月的原告訴狀,由其新布蘭迪斯學派的代表學者Lina Khan主筆,也同時表現出數位與監控資本主義的變革。最後,歐美兩地是資本主義的發源地,同時也是造就數位巨頭的培養皿,無論競爭法的歷史長河當中,歐美之間曾有過多少分治分野,現今都已意識到監控資本主義所引發的社會問題,也亟待兩地的政府處理。本文分析的兩部草案—歐盟的數位服務法與數位市場法、美國的反壟斷五大草案,皆是為了列管數位大型平台的限制競爭行為而量身打造。草案目前還未實施,大家都仍是摸著石頭過河,但期許可以逐步維穩監控資本主義下的社會發展並持續推進科技進步。

並列摘要


Between the era of digital and surveillance capitalism, it’s the liminal moment for competition law. In the past 300 years of capitalism history, new business models and the logic of capital accumulation are transformed with explosively technological progress and the industrial revolution. This thesis aims at analyzing the interaction between the historical background of society, economy, law, and politics and the competitive theories, which are one of the essential concepts to create a capital market led by Europe and American. At the end of 20 century, the third industrial revolution stepped into the period of digital capitalism. From now on, the large digital platforms are representative of the top five enterprises around the world, and even manipulate the valuable data capital by harnessing the network effect, learning effect, and economies of scale. People pay for the zero-cost services with endless personal data. We are exploited by the big tech and driven to surveillance capitalism without any consciousness. In this scenario, there is no doubt that the competition law is one of the tools to address the problems caused by big tech. However, in the U.S, the Chicago School and neo-liberalism hobble antitrust law and policy on maintaining the equilibrium platform market. On the flip side, the new-Brandeis school promote a new wave of antitrust movement to reform the existing regulatory and against the Chicago School which is in power in the field of competition law substantially. After recognizing the problems brought by big tech, America seems to start to adjust its competitive policy. In chapter three, a study of the Facebook/WhatsApp merger case, the thesis refers to the complainant submitted to the district court in August by FTC, which extraordinarily indicates the transformation between digital and surveillance capitalism. In the last chapter, we illustrate both Europe and America are the birthplace of capitalism and the cradle of big tech, but the social problems caused by surveillance capitalism are the toughest for both either. However, this thesis shows how the EU and U.S are pioneering to reframe the regulatory which tailored to the competitive behaviors of very large digital platforms and trying to balance the technological advance and social problems.

參考文獻


【中文專書】
1. 胡祖舜(2021),〈競爭法之經濟分析〉,元照出版公司。
2. 陳岱孫(2014),〈從古典經濟學派到馬克思-若干主要學說發展編略〉,商務印書館。
3. 黃仁宇(1991),〈資本主義與廿一世紀〉,聯經出版公司。
【中文譯書】

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