唐宋詞性別與社會空間的形塑

本論文以唐宋詞為研究對象，而輔以唐宋筆記，結合「性別文化」與「空間文化」兩個關鍵性概念，做為主要詮釋觀點；而從唐宋社會文化史，選擇「空間性別化」的取向，以做為主要研究進路。將晚唐、五代以至兩宋相關詞作以及筆記，置入此一研究進路；從而詮釋文本中的男女，如何在不同的性別文化空間情境，由於受到不同價值觀與日常規約所形塑的行動及心理，而體現其存在經驗及意義。在分析唐宋詞及相關筆記所呈現的「性別文化空間」時，本論文以中國古代婦女史的研究成果做為參考；並適度應用人文地理學、女性主義地理學理論所提出的空間意識，以及唐宋詞中經常被再現的空間情境；交叉比對後，建立以「內」與「外」做為兩大空間類型的詮釋框架。在「空間性別化」的分類上，根據詞作主題分布趨勢，「內空間」聚焦在「家屋空間」；「外空間」聚焦在「政治空間」；而介於「內 / 外」之間，則聚焦在「社交空間」。本論文就以此框架，觀察、詮釋唐宋詞及相關筆記所再現的三種男女「性別文化空間」意識，如何在權力、價值觀與審美上，相互競逐、排斥與協商。首先，從唐宋男性詞人擬代詞中，分析、詮釋「居家女性抒情」類型的各種特徵，歸納出男性詞人透過美感化女性「怨的身體」，建立「閨門內美學」。然而，對必須在公領域實現自我的男性而言，「家」也是在自敘詞中重構的象徵性空間。因此，本論文分析、詮釋男性擬代詞的「居家女性抒情類型」與男性自敘詞的「自我抒情類型」之間的關聯，如何隱含唐宋士大夫面對「無家性」的身分焦慮。其次，本論文分析女性詞人自我抒情詞中，所呈現的「家意識」，與男性詞人所建構「閨門內美學」之間的差異，以詮釋女性詞人如何創發屬於自我真實居家生活的抒情類型。而相對的，也詮釋「離家」的男性在政治空間中不斷遷移、漂泊，而對「家」的想像與定位所產生空間意識的變異。因此，本論文也關注男性「居家書寫」所隱含的「常人意識」，而表現出「內」與「外」空間彼此拉鋸的緊張關係。最後，本論文針對唐宋詞與相關筆記，涉及書寫「社交空間」，以及在「社交空間」中書寫的作品進行分析，觀察藝妓在勾欄瓦舍的勞務活動，與男性消費者的消費行為，以及官僚宴飲場合中，兩性的交往關係，從而詮釋「政治空間」與「社交空間」所造成士大夫自我認同的矛盾衝突。並進一層分析在消費性社交空間中，所生產出來的詞作，如何反過來鞏固或拆解「空間性別化」的秩序，而影響消費者、表演者之間的情感、慾望模式。綜上所述，本論文意圖以「性別文化空間」為觀點，針對唐宋詞的研究，開拓一個創新的詮釋視域；並且期待擴而大之，為「中國性別傳統」的研究，開拓一條創新的進路，同時也為當代人文地理學、女性主義地理學的應用，嘗試操作一個可行的案例。

關鍵字

唐宋詞；唐宋筆記；性別文化空間；家意識；無家性；家屋空間；社交空間；政治空間

並列摘要

This dissertation focuses on the lyrics of Tang and Sung Dynasties as the subject along with the notes during the same period to combine two significant concepts—“gender culture” and “space culture” to constitute the main viewpoint of interpretation; and from the social and cultural history of the Tang-Sung period, “space gendering” is adopted as the primary approach to this research. Relevant lyrics and notes during the late Tang, Five Dynasties, and the Northern and Southern Sung are embedded in such approach to interpret how the males and females in the texts embody their existential experience and meaning brought by the acts and psychologies shaped in different senses of priority and daily normativeness under various situations of gender of space). In the analysis concerning the “genderization of space,” results of the research on the history of Chinese women are taken as the reference along with the appropriate application of both space consciousness raised in human geography and feminist geography and the space situation which is often represented in the Tang-Sung lyrics; after cross-reference, a framework of interpretation including two major types of space—“interior” and “exterior” are constructed. According to the tendency towards the themes of lyrics with regard to the categorization of “space gendering,” “interior space” focuses on the “domestic space” while “exterior space” highlights the “political space,” and the “social space” is in-between the “interior/exterior.” Under such framework, this dissertation observes and interprets how three types of “gender of space” among males and females as the representation in Tang-Sung lyrics and relevant notes compete, repel, and negotiate with one another pertaining to the power, sense of priority, and aesthetics. First, the pronoun drafting of male authors during the Tang-Sung period is adopted to analyze and interpret various features for the type of “domestic female sentiment” and induce that male authors establishes “boudoir aesthetics” through embellishing female “resentful bodies.” Nevertheless, for those men who must fulfill themselves in the public domain, “home” is also a symbolic space rebuilt in the self-narration. Hence, this dissertation analyzes and interprets how the correlation between “type of domestic female sentiment” from male pronoun drafting and “type of self-sentiment” from male self-narration implies the Tang-Sung literati and officialdom’s identity anxiety about “homelessness.” In addition, this dissertation analyzes the difference between the “home consciousness” presented in self-sentiment of female authors and the “boudoir aesthetics” established by male authors in order to interpret how female authors create lyrical type belonging to their authentic domestic lives; comparably, such interpretation also includes the “home-leaving” males who ceaselessly migrate and rove in the political space at the same time transform the space consciousness regarding the imagination and orientation towards “home.” Accordingly, this dissertation also examines the “common consciousness” implied in male “domestic writing” which displays the intense stalemate between the “interior” and “exterior” space. Lastly, this dissertation focuses on the analysis of the Tang-Sung lyrics and relevant notes which involve the writing about “social space” and the literary works written in “social space” to observe geishas’ labor at the theater and the male consumer behavior as well as the gender relationships at the bureaucratic banquets so as to interpret literati and officialdom’s paradoxical conflict with self-identification caused by “political space” and “social space.” Another analysis is further conducted to investigate how the lyrics created in the consumptive social space reverses to consolidate or disintegrate the order of “space gendering” and further influences the affection and desire modes among the consumers and performers. Conclusively, this dissertation attempts at the perspective on “Gender of space” to expand a creative interpretation of the research on the Tang-Sung lyrics; meanwhile, such expansion is expected to enlarge an inventive approach to the research on “Chinese gender tradition” and concurrently endeavor to apply a feasible case to the contemporary human geography and feminist geography.