規範競爭或標準調和？論美國、歐盟與中國駕駛自動化系統之共同安全規範制定難題

Regulatory Competition or Standards Harmonization? Challenges of Establishing Common Driving Automation Systems Safety Standards among the United States, the European Union, and China

陳怡靜(I-Ching. Chen)

指導教授 ： 林勤富

國立清華大學/科技管理學院/科技法律研究所/碩士(2020年)

摘要

駕駛自動化系統（或稱自駕車）為最具潛力的人工智慧應用之一，預計將為全球帶來可觀的經濟與社會利益，並掀起一波新的運輸革命。然即便駕駛自動化系統被認為比人類更能安全地執行駕駛工作，近期發生多起駕駛自動化系統之致命車禍，卻也開始凸顯駕駛自動化系統安全性監管的重要性。國際層次上公部門（各國政府、國際組織）除了尚未制定駕駛自動化系統安全性之國際性標準外，更存在許多國家間監管方向分歧。以駕駛自動化系統三大市場為例，美國、歐盟與中國在監管設計上均呈現出欲在全球市場取得領導地位的野心，三者政策方向亦逐漸呈現相互競爭之趨勢，而此恐導致全球監管碎裂化現象。監管碎裂化雖可能進一步阻礙全球貿易、技術發展，然若以法律市場之角度切入，規範競爭將能刺激公部門行為者鬆綁僵化或過度監管的法律規範，並持續優化國內相關規定。是以在全球駕駛自動化系統監管碎裂化下，究竟駕駛自動化系統的全球治理正逐漸朝向何種模式，又何種模式才能真正促進全球自動駕駛技術的發展，實為一有趣議題。對此本文將分析美國、歐盟與中國在駕駛自動化系統安全性監管上建構之模式，並透過三者與其他公、私部門行為者之互動，進一步探討三者是否已在全球市場產生規範競爭亦或是彼此正逐漸產生標準調和之現象，最後針對駕駛自動化系統標準制定之現況，試圖分析出適合自動駕駛技術發展的全球治理模式。

關鍵字

駕駛自動化系統 ； 自駕車 ； 國際安全性標準 ； 規範競爭 ； 標準調和

並列摘要

In recent years, driving automation systems (commonly referred to self-driving cars or autonomous vehicles), as one of potential artificial intelligence application, have been forecasted that it will provide considerable economic growth and social benefit to global society. In addition, it will drive the new wave of transportation revolution. Even though driving automation systems seem to deliver society a promising future, they could still pose fatal risk to the society. Recently, there are several fatal accidents caused by inappropriate design of driving automation systems, arousing public awareness about proper safety regulation. Hence, worldwide states have started working on the regulation of this disruptive technology, trying to secure the safety of driving automation systems equipped vehicles. However, without the uniform international regulation, global society may be confronted with the situation of regulation divergence. Take three dominated driving automation systems states for example, United States, the European Union, and China have endeavored to become the most influential country in the global market. Therefore, the policy interaction among three country have gradually moved toward regulation competition and caused regulation fragmentation at global level. Although regulation fragmentation would raise global trade concern and hamper global deployment of driving automation systems, from regulatory competition perspective, it could motivate states to loosen obsolete rules and optimize existing regulation. In the light of dual aspects of regulation fragmentation, it is important to find out what kinds of global driving automation system governance model has been formed and what kinds of governance model could really facilitate the development of driving automation system. This study aims to find out whether global driving automation system governance has moved toward regulation competition or standards harmonization by investigating and analyzing the driving automation systems safety regulation model of United States, the European Union, and China, also their interaction between different global actors. Based on the above-mentioned findings, this study would further search out an optimal institutional design for global driving automation systems governance.

並列關鍵字

driving automation systems ； safety standards ； regulatory competition ； standards harmonization

參考文獻

中文文獻

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