「西學東漸」與晚清詩之新變

近代中國因晚清時的西力東侵而發生數千年未有之巨變，進入了由古代社會過渡到現代社會的「轉型時期」；反映時代的傳統詩歌也因「西學東漸」而出現了「古今之變」。「西學」這個新因素的加入，使詩歌發展產生了很多有別於過去的詩學現象，正是晚清詩歌複雜和耐人尋味之處。要瞭解晚清詩歌在整部詩歌史中的特殊性和時代性，就不能不研究它與「西學東漸」的關係。　　本文擺脫一般以詩人或詩派為主軸的論述方式，轉而以西學對詩與詩人不同範疇的影響為研究的切入點。主要集中在科學（科技）、進化論、民主自由思潮及西方哲學、美學的輸入與詩歌新變的關係。科學（科技）的輸入影響到詩人用新詞彙、詩序和詩注等不同策略來表達新事物；科學帶來的新認知方式改變了詩人的世界觀；現代科技入詩又使舊的詩歌題材得以翻新。進化論確立新的時間觀影響詩人對古史的想像；「海外詩」展現了進化思想的空間向度；時間和空間尺度的拓展又催生了時人的「博物」書寫。進化論也被援引到文學史觀，使通俗的觀念和詩歌體裁成為改革重點。「詩教」的傳統在新的政治和人文精神下面對著不同的遭遇；女權詩歌在民族危機下唱出時代的強音；此外，一些詩人既站在民族立場，又運用西方的哲學、美學理論，來批判西方的「啟蒙現代性」。這些問題看似各不相干，其實都受著西學這個共同因素的影響，在本文中將逐一探討。　　這些詩學現象體現了詩人對西學的不同態度和回應方式：或迎、或拒、或喜、或疑、或以之作改革的根據、或以傳統來消化西學，說明了詩、詩人與西學的關係有著複雜的面相，互涉互動。因而，本文在論述西學影響的同時，也展示傳統中的相關因素，詩人並非被動地接受影響，而是運用傳統資源去融會變化，改革創新。

關鍵字

「西學東漸」；晚清詩；啟蒙；詩界革命；現代性；新變

並列摘要

In modern times, China went through the great changes that had not been happened for thousands of years because of the invasion by the western world and entered into a “transfer period” from the ancient society to the modern society. Moreover, the traditional poetries which reflect the times also went through “the changes from ancient to modern” due to “The Eastward Dissemination of Western Learning”. The participation of the new factor of “Western Learning” made the poetries have many different poetic phenomena, which is exactly the complexity and intriguing things of poetries in the late Qing Dynasty. The relationship between poetries in the late Qing Dynasty and “The Eastward Dissemination of Western Learning” must be studied if we want to learn about the particularity and contemporaneity of poetries in the late Qing Dynasty in the whole history of poetry. 　　In this paper, the general statement method of leading by poets or schools of poetry is dispensed, while the influences of western learning on poetries and poets become the pointcut of the study. It mainly focuses on the relationship between science (technology), theory of evolution, democratic freedom of though and introductions of western philosophy and aesthetics and the new changes of poetries. The introduction of science (technology) influenced poets to express new things with different strategies such as new vocabulary, preface and notes; the new knowledge methods brought by the science changed the world view of poets; incorporating the modern technology in the poetries made the poetic subject matters renovated. The new time view established by theory of evolution influenced poets’ imagination on the ancient history; “overseas poetries” showed the spatial dimension of the through of evolution; while the expansion of both time and space scales spawned the “natural science” works by poets. The theory of evolution was also cited as a literary historical perspective, which made the popular ideas and genres of poetry become the reform emphasis. The traditional “educating by poetry” had different encounters under the new politics and humanity; the feminist poetries sang their own strong voice of the times under the national crisis; in addition, some poets not only stood on the national position, but also applied western philosophies and aesthetic theories to criticize the “enlightenment modernity” of western world. Although these issues seem to be irrelevant, they are influenced by the common factor of western learning. They will be discussed one by one in this paper. 　　These poetic phenomena showed poets’ different attitudes and responses on western learning, namely, welcoming, refusing, delighting, doubting, regarding it as the reform basis, or digesting western learning by tradition, which explains that there is complex relationship between poetries, poets and western learning, and they are mutually involved and interacted. Therefore, when stating the influences of western learning, the related traditional factors are also shown in this paper. The poets did not accept the influences passively, but applied the traditional resources to integrate, reform and innovate.