中古漢語完成動詞“竟”、"訖"、"畢"之分析

An analysis of Middle Chinese VPs '竟jing', '訖qi' and '畢bi'

吳婉晴(Wan-Ching Wu)

指導教授 ： 梅思德

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/語言學研究所/碩士(2020年)

摘要

本文從語義和句法的角度考察了Jiang（2001）中討論的四個普通話動詞“已”，“竟”，“訖”和“畢”。這些詞彙動詞的共同點是，它們在古漢語中都帶有“終止”或“結尾”的含義。在Jiang（2001）中，作者對這四個動詞進行了簡要歸類，得出結論：“竟”，“訖”和“畢”屬於同一類，與中古漢語中的“已”不同。但是，我們對Jiang（2001）持不同意見。我們收集了中古漢語非佛教文本和中古佛教早期文本中這四個詞彙動詞的例子，並對其語義和句法進行了分析。在查看了其他佛教著作中的更多示例後，我們以Aldridge＆Meisterernst（2018）為基礎提出，它們都是具有相同特徵的質詞，並且這些質詞都代表事件的完成。我們使用Vendler的四個動詞類別狀態(State)、動作(Activity)、達成(Accomplishment)、瞬成 (Achievement)來測試這四個質詞，發現它們不可能與狀態謂語一起出現，且當它們與動態謂語一同出現時，也無法展現出整個事件已經結束。由於狀態謂詞和活動謂詞是沒有結果的，因此我們得出結論，所討論的語素“已”，“竟”，“訖”和“畢”都是表示結果的次要謂詞。

關鍵字

中古漢語 ； 已竟訖畢 ； 佛教文本 ； 終止 ； 事件完成 ； 次要謂詞

並列摘要

This thesis inspects the four Mandarin verbs, “已yi ”, “竟 jing” ,“訖 qi” and“畢 bi”that are discussed in Jiang (2001) from both semantic and syntactic points of view. What these lexical verbs share in common is that they all carry the meaning of “terminate” or “end” in Late Archaic Chinese. In Jiang (2001), the author made a brief categorization of these four verbs and concluded that“竟 jing” ,“訖 qi” and “畢 bi” belong together and are different from “已yi ” during Early Middle Chinese. However, we hold a different opinion against Jiang (2001). We gather the examples of these four lexical verbs within the Early Middle Chinese non-Buddhist texts and Early Middle Chinese Buddhist texts and analyze them semantically and syntactically. After viewing more examples written in other Buddhist texts, we based our thesis on Aldridge & Meisterernst (2018) and proposed that they are all particles with the same feature and that these particles all stand for the completion of the event. We use Vendler’s four verb classes State, Activity, Accomplishment and Achievement to test these four particles and found that they are impossible to appear with stative predicates and that there is no telicity feature when these four particles appear together with activity predicates. Since stative and activity predicates are resultless, we conclude that the discussed morphemes are all secondary predicates that denote the results.

並列關鍵字

Middle Chinese ； event structure ； secondary predicate ； endpoint ； Buddhist Texts ； Jiang(2001)

參考文獻

1. Edith Aldridge and Barbara Meisterernst (2018). Resultative and termination: A unified analysis of Middle Chinese VP-YI.

2. Demonte, Violeta, and Louise McNally (2012). Telicity, Change, and State: a Cross-Categorial View of Event Structure. Oxford University Press..

3. Susan Rothstein (2012). Accomplishment and Incrementality

4. Hovav, Malka Rappaport, and Beth Levin. (2005) “Change-of-State Verbs: Implications for Theories of Argument Projection.” The Syntax of Aspect .pp. 274–286., doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280445.003.0013.

5. Jiang Shaoyu 蒋绍愚. (2001). ‘Shishuo xinyu’, ‘Qi min yaoshu’, Luoyang qielan ji’, Xianyu jing’, Baiyu jing’ zhong de “yi”, “jing”, “qi”, “bi” ‘世说新语’，‘齐民要术’，‘洛阳伽蓝记’，‘贤愚经’，‘百喻经’，中的“已”，“竟”，“讫”, “毕. Yuyan yanjiu 1(42): 73-78