供應鏈運輸暨存貨成本的策略研究

The Supply Chain Transportation and Inventory Cost Strategy

鄭新強(Shin-Chiang Cheng)

指導教授 ： 黃惠民

中原大學/工學院/工業工程研究所/碩士(2003年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu200300105

摘要

摘要
供應鏈管理以追求總體成員成本最小化為目標，而運輸及存貨成本正是物流作業中最大的支出項目，本研究目的在探討以系統性步驟配置商品，獲得運輸暨存貨局部成本最佳化。
在現今電子商務的環境中，供應鏈之物流以快速配送及降低商品缺貨率，達成顧客的需求與顧客滿意度為企業經營主要課題。為了要滿足顧客需求，避免商品缺貨，供應鏈除了要有適當的存貨管理作業系統外，更需要有適當運輸作業配合才能達成。
廠商為了顧客服務水準之考量、季節性的產品與需求量變動、市場投機、提高產品的品質、彌補預測的偏誤、緩衝供需、生產及配銷系統之差異以及使用訂購模式等因素造成存貨。因此存貨的功能在於維持企業作業的順暢。而存貨管理主要在確保生產或銷售所需的存量，對企業的生產與配銷活動做最佳的供應，以降低存貨成本並提供顧客滿意的服務。
運輸作業為供應鏈運籌管理基本活動要素之一，運輸作業系統主要為「實體流」，在商業物流中擔任將上游原料供應之實體供給至製造廠，以及將製造廠之實體配送至下游顧客。如無運輸作業則供應鏈將無達成任何實體在指定的時間將所需物料、數量運至目的地。
然而運輸與存貨成本二者之間常因為了降低一方的成本，卻造成另一方成本的升高，這個消長(trade-off)關係－使得供應鏈系統作業考量時，經常難以抉擇。本研究將以系統化的步驟，探討供應鏈系統之各種關係因子對運輸與存貨成本的影響，並依據存貨的特性分類，配合倉儲配置方式，對企業在運用既有的設施下，迅速獲得更低的運輸及存貨持有成本，提出策略建議，俾能提高供應鏈管理的績效。

關鍵詞：供應鏈、物流、運輸暨存貨成本

關鍵字

供應鏈 ； 運輸暨存貨成本 ； 物流

並列摘要

Abstract
The goal of supply chain management (SCM) is to pursue the minimization of the total operational costs, which consist mainly of the transportation and inventory costs. This research aims to derive an approximate optimized transportation and inventory costs by using a systematic process of allocating goods.
In current electronic commerce (EC) environment of, customer satisfaction is achieved through rapid distribution of the supply chain management logistics. In order to satisfy customer’s stock requirements to avoid shortages, supply chain should have appropriate inventory management operation system and transportation system.
The existence of inventory is due the consideration of customer service, seasonal products, market speculation, increasing quality standard, supplement of deviation of forecast, variation in supply and demand, differences between production system and distribution system, and the use of some ordering systems. Primarily, inventory management is to ensure smooth enterprise operations, and to reduce inventory cost and to provide satisfactory customer services.
Transportation is one of the essential elements in basic activities of the supply chain. The transportation system serves to deliver raw material from the supplier to the manufacturer in business logistics, and to distribute finished goods from the manufacturer to the customer. The aim of the transportation operations is to deliver the right quantity of material to the right place at the right time.
There is a conflicting objective of the transportation and the inventory costs, the decrease of one will increase of the other. A trade-off makes the considerations of supply chain operation difficult. This research investigates the factors that influence the transportation and inventory costs in the supply chain. Through inventory classification, the allocation of warehousing, and the use of available facilities, the transportation and inventory costs can be reduced. The result of this research can contribute to effective supply chain management.

Keywords：supply chain、logistics、transportation and inventory costs

並列關鍵字

logistics ； transportation and inventory costs ； supply chain

參考文獻

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