- 學位論文
競爭市場實驗:競爭均衡檢定
Experiments in Laboratory Competitive Markets:Tests on Competitive Equilibrium
摘要
由於現實社會的經濟環境較為複雜，在探討影響經濟行為之因素時，往往無法觀察到較明確的因果關係，而藉助自然科學的方法，我們可以建構一個實驗經濟的環境，來驗證經濟學理論，這樣的方法，稱之為實驗經濟學研究法。本論文設計了兩個網路遊戲，來進行經濟學的實驗。第一個遊戲模仿消費者在網路商店上的購買行為，藉以探討均衡價格的形成。第二個遊戲則模擬自由競爭市場下廠商的生產要素投入之決策行為，用以檢定長期下市場均衡價格是否會等於廠商平均成本的最低點，以及價格是否存在風險貼水。 在第一個遊戲中，我們將參與實驗者隨機分配成買方與賣方，賣方根據其成本訂定商品價格，買方則根據自己的願付價格來尋找可以接受的商品價格，這個遊戲的目的在檢測市場上的平均價格，是否會達到供需理論的均衡價格。實驗的結果則顯示，在兩個班級共6回合的遊戲中，共有5次市場的平均價格低於供需理論的均衡價格，與供需理論不符合，造成此結果的原因可能為學習效果的發生。 而在第二個遊戲中，參與實驗者假設為一生產DRAM廠商要素投入量之決策者，其根據市場上可獲得的資訊，來決定自己生產要素的投入量；決定要素投入量後，根據電腦預設的生產函數，即可計算出廠商的生產量，然後加總所有廠商的產量，再代入市場的需求函數中，即可得到當期市場的價格。本遊戲共進行69個回合，而實驗的目的在檢測長期下市場價格的均衡值，是否會等於完全競爭市場理論中的最低平均成本。實驗的結果顯示，在69筆資料所估計出的長期市場價格均衡值低於完全競爭市場理論中的最低平均成本，與完全競爭市場理論不符合。另外，根據估計的結果，價格的DGP並無異質變異的現象。
並列摘要
Since the economic environment of the society is complex, we can’t understand what cause economic changes exactly. So we use the method of natural science to experiment. We make the experimental environment to test the economic theory. This method called Experimental Economic. In this research, we design two Internet games to test two economic theories. The first game is simulated that consumers go shopping on the Internet stores, and we can analyse the price formation. The second game is simulated that the managers determined how many factors of production are used to produce in a competitive market, and the price of the product is decided by consumer’s demand, then we can test if the price of the product converges to the lowest average cost of the product in the long run. In the first game, we assigned the participants to sellers or buyers randomly. Sellers can set price according their cost of the product; buyers can search the price of products that they can accept according their willing pay. The game’s purpose is to test if the average price of the market equals to theoretical price of the supply-demand equilibrium. This game was conducted 6 rounds. The experimental results revealed that there were five rounds’ average price of the market which were lower than the theoretical price of the supply-demand equilibrium. This result may cause by learning occurred. In the second game, every participant plays a manager of a firm. He has to decide how many labors and capitals should be used to produce according to the information of the market. After summing up all firms’ quantities of the product, then we can calculate the price of the product at that round according to the demand function that we had set. This game was conducted 69 rounds and it’s purpose is to test if the price of the product converges to the lowest average cost of the product in the long run. The experimental result revealed that the price of the product didn’t converge to the lowest average cost of the product in the long run, and it’s lower than the lowest average cost of the product. There was also no evidence can prove that price of the product has risk premium.
參考文獻
延伸閱讀
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