認知失調與行為改變之關聯以人格特質為干擾變數

我們在生活中常常會遇到認知失調的情況，這時會發生心理上的不適感而尋找降低失調的策略，但學者研究發現當發生失調時每個人的反應有很大的差異，本研究希望了解認知失調是否會造成行為上的改變，而人格特質是否能調解認知失調造成的不適感在不同情況下調適結果又是否相同。本研究以情境故事法和心理實驗法，來刺激受測者產生認知失調，其中心理實驗法使用以咖啡為媒介的盲測實驗，而故事情境法分為"自由選擇"典範情境與"強迫順從"典範情境兩種類別，並以問卷測量認知失調的不適感與受測者的人格特質和行為改變與否，其中認知失調不適感分為"情緒反應"與"自我懷疑"而人格特質則分為"神經質"、"外向性"、"開放性"、"親和性"、"勤勉性"。研究結果顯示，一、在情境故事法中，認知失調程度越高，行為改變的機率越大可是在盲測實驗時失調程度和行為改變機率就沒有顯著關係。二、不同人格特質在不同的情況下產生的影響會不同，例如神經質人格越高在自由選擇典範情境的情緒反應越高可是在強迫選擇典範和心理實驗法中就沒有顯著影響。三、關於開放性人格的研究發現和學者McCrae & Costa(2008)提出的結論不同，推論為開放性人格特質可以調解人際間的認知失調可是卻無法調節自我前後認知的不一致。

關鍵字

盲測；行為改變；人格特質；五大人格質；認知失調

並列摘要

We often meet cognitive dissonance in our life, which causes discomfort, thus we seek solutions to lower cognitive dissonance. However, studies show that when cognitive dissonance, people reactions have significant difference. This study aims to understand whether cognitive dissonance will make behavior change. Also, will personality traits adjust discomfort of cognitive dissonance even under different situation. The study is aim to stimulate subject to have cognitive dissonance through scenario approach and methods of psychological experiment. Methods of psychological experiment, coffee as intermediary, are blind-tested. Scenario approach is classified to free-choice paradigm and induced compliance paradigm, conducted through questionnaire, to find out whether subject’s personality traits or behavior have changed and to test subject’s discomfort of cognitive dissonance. Besides, discomfort of cognitive dissonance has been classified to emotional response and self-suspicion while personality traits to openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and emotional stability. Study result shows that: (1) Under scenario approach, the higher level of cognitive dissonance, the larger chance of behavior changed, but under blind test, the relationship between level of cognitive dissonance and chance of behavior changing is not significant. (2) Personality traits, under different scenario, influence differently. For example, emotional stability is higher under free-choice paradigm but is not significant when under induced compliance paradigm and methods of psychological experiment. (3) Extraversion shows differently to the conclusion of McCrae & Costa (2008).This might because extraversion could adjust cognitive dissonance but unable to adjust inconsistent of self- cognition.

並列關鍵字

cognitive dissonance ； Behavior Change ； big five ； personality traits

參考文獻

黃湘玲，2009，臺北市國中生課業壓力，五大人格特質與情緒性飲食之研究，臺灣師範大學人類發展與家庭學系在職進修碩士班學位論文，頁1-123。

Allport, F. H., & Allport, G. W. (1921). Personality Traits: Their Classification and Measurement. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, 16 (1), 6.

Ariely, D. (2010). "Predictably Irrational, revised and expanded edition: the hidden forces that shape our decisions." Harper Perennial.

Aronson, E. (1969). "The theory of cognitive dissonance: A current perspective." Advances in experimental social psychology, 4, 1-34.

Brehm, J. W. and A. R. Cohen (1962). "Explorations in cognitive dissonance." New York: Wiley, 78-81.

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認知失調與行為改變之關聯以人格特質為干擾變數

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