臺灣傳統建築牆體工法初探 - 北部客家族群為例

A study on the method of wall buildings - A case of traditional houses of Hakka in northern Taiwan

楊長洵(Chang-Xun Yang)

指導教授 ： 張宇彤

中原大學/設計學院/建築研究所/碩士(2015年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/CYCU.2015.00461

摘要

在構成建築物的眾多部位當中，牆體是承載建築物載重的主要構成，為建築中重要的元素之一，能夠提供建築物防水、防風、保溫、隔熱等性能，並為室內環境提供保護，滿足人們對於空間的需求。構築牆體是為了解決日常生活的需求，所使用的材料就地取材，五材並用自然的應運而生，但隨著工業化社會的高度發展，那些原有的構築生產脈絡、蘊含於尋常百姓之營造法則、構築之技術，如今多已消失難尋。

關於臺灣傳統建築的相關研究，在前人的努力之下，已經達到一定的規模，現在較缺乏的是整合的工作。目前所見關於傳統建築的研究專書為數眾多，對於特定主題的論述已趨近完善，但少有研究專書對眾多主題進行整合論述，因此本研究試圖將傳統建築中的牆體工法，對於不同材料所構成的牆體進行整合性的論述，期待能為傳統建築的保存盡一份心力。

本研究從理解客家族群如何從大陸一路輾轉，最後在臺灣發展的過程，其背後的自然環境、歷史背景與各族群文化之間產生的脈絡，建構出客家人在臺灣所使用的居住型態，並透過實地田野調查、施工現場記錄與匠師訪談等方式，整理出臺灣北部傳統客家建築牆體的構築方法。再從傳統的構築方法中，依技術、類型與施作程序，與現代工法做比較，探討其中的關係，並提供意見與看法。

隨著時代的發展、科技的進步，施工技術、材料不斷推陳出新，過去不易取得的材料變得唾手可得，回頭來看傳統建築，它與這片土地連結，與自然環境共存，不像現代建築如同堡壘般將所有外在環境拒於門外，人生活在其中面對的全是人造環境，內外的溝通全依賴科技設備，不比傳統建築來的通風透氣。若任意將新的材料加諸於傳統建築之上，也許會破壞其原有的秩序，導致傳統建築壽命縮減，因此在舊有構造上使用新的材料必須謹慎而行。

關鍵字

傳統建築 ； 客家 ； 牆體材料 ； 砌築工法 ； 新舊比較

並列摘要

Among all components of a structure, wall form is the main part to load the weight of a structure. Wall form is the most important element of a structure. It can provide the function of waterproofing, wind-proofing, warmth-keeping, and heat insulation and is able to protect indoor environment to fulfill people’s demands of space. The construction of wall forms is to satisfy daily requirements; the material is depends on the environment. However, as the industrialized society developed highly, most of the original progresses of constructions which contains people’s building rules and construction skills are disappeared and hard to find.

Due to predecessors’ effort, the correlating research of Taiwan traditional architectures already reaches a huge scale. For now, there are lots of research books of traditional structures; the expounding of specific themes is nearly mature. However, few of these books integrate various themes. Therefore, this research is aim at traditional wall forms method of construction, trying to discuss different materials of wall forms in parallel way. Hoping that can contribute to the preservation of traditional buildings.

The research starts with the comprehension of how Hakka people traveled from mainland China and rooted in Taiwan. The natural environment, historical background and the relationship of different race’s culture form Hakka people’s resident style in Taiwan. Through the methods such as field research, records of constructing spots, and interviews with taskmasters, the integration the constructing ways of the wall form of traditional Hakka structures in northern Taiwan has been made. Then, the traditional constructing ways are in comparison of modern ways according to techniques, types and processes to discuss the correlation and provide opinions.

As the progress of technology, building techniques and materials keep renewing. The materials which are hard to get now are easy to obtain. Talking back to traditional buildings, we can see that it connects with the environment, unlike less ventilating modern buildings in which people only face to artificial environment and the communication to outside only relies on technical equipments. It may leads to destruction of traditional buildings if people use new materials on them. Thus, it is necessary to be cautious when using new materials on old structures.

並列關鍵字

traditional buildings ； Hakka ； wall form materials ； construction ； comparison between new and old

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