東南亞女性婚姻移民之回流想望

本研究主要以田野研究方式研究來台灣的東南亞婚姻移民的回流想望，從三個研究問題，分別是：「了解回流想望」、「婚姻移民與母國故土連結」（包括原生家庭聯繫、責任、義務）、「在台生活與社會網絡的檢視」來梳理回流相關的議題，引用推拉理論、人才環流、跨國主義、跨國社會空間等相關理論，回顧並評述這些理論如何解釋回流現象。研究樣本來自田野研究之三個場域，包括花蓮、台南、屏東，共訪談12位婚姻移民。研究發現分別以「生涯階段與回流想望歷程的流變」、「婚姻移民與母國故土的連結、「婚姻移民在台的社會網絡，建構在台融入的社會空間」三個面向歸納，在「生涯階段與回流想望歷程的流變」面向歸結出(一)婚姻移民回流想望的光譜：「從出發就設定歸期」、「兩邊都是家」、「走走看看」、「不回流」之光譜。(二)生命事件的經歷對回流想望之調節：從不同事件歷程及回流想望的流轉當中，整理出五種組型。第一組型：固定回流直線型、第二組型：U型回流型、第三組型：上升型、第四組型：下降型、第五組型：固定不回流。(三)政府政策對回流想望的觸動：包括1.台灣民主體制下的人權、自由、民主吸引移民留下來2.台灣社會福利的保障讓移民留下或兩地往返3.教育制度及品質的優勢使移民留在台灣受教育，未來更具在兩地雙邊發展之競爭力4.台灣政府對新住民之照顧友善，移民被接納而留下來5.新南向政策提昇競爭力是回流的助力6.母國的政策會影響回流7.國籍政策會影響回流8.母國政府政策及公共設施落後生活不便影響回流9.母語政策不夠落實，影響二代回流母國。「婚姻移民與母國故土的連結」面向，歸納出婚姻移民對娘家資本回流之類型有1.獻出自己改善原生家庭經濟2.幫助娘家栽培弟妹，完成後專心照顧台灣的家庭3.不定期提供父母醫療費用4.盡責、盡孝表心意之金錢回饋5.長期性的照顧並供應家人之金錢回報。在「婚姻移民在台的社會網絡，建構在台融入的社會空間」面向，包括「家人關係」、「社會網絡」、「在台母國親屬網絡」。最後以「整合—跨國主義矩陣」導入東南亞婚姻移民的回流想望，分為四個類型：回流型、兩邊都是家型、兩邊異化型、不回流型。從以上之研究發現中，再延伸四點討論，包括「日久他鄉是故鄉」、「回流想望與事實的落差」、「二代回流的跨國實踐的發展」、「做家庭的兩地網絡及生活適應後的跨國實踐」。本研究結果與引用之回流相關理論、國內外相關研究結果進行對話：一、研究結果與「推拉理論」之對話，二、研究結果與「人才環流」之對話，三、研究結果與「跨國主義」的對話，四、研究結果與「跨國社會空間」之對話。最後，提出對政策建議有1.彈性國籍政策，有利婚姻移民雙邊移動，2.訂定有利於婚姻移民回流及台灣夫家發展及投資相關政策，3.東南亞語言教育之推動及母語教育配套措施須更擴張，4.獎勵新二代回母國發展投資，5.社會福利保障福利政策的國際化，6.婚姻移民回國回流再融入政策之友善性。

關鍵字

婚姻移民；回流想望；遷移

並列摘要

This research primarily uses the field research to discuss about the return migration wishes of Southeast-Asian female new immigrants in Taiwan. From the following three research questions, they are “1.Understand the wish of return migration”, “2. The connection between female new immigrants and home country (including the connection with the original family, responsibilities and obligations), “3. Review the life in Taiwan and social networks to organize the issue of return migration. Quoting Push and Pull Theory, Brain Circulation, Transnationalism and Transnational Social Space related theories to review and comment on how these theories explain the return migration phenomenon. Research samples of field survey come from three fields, including Hualien, Tainan and Pingtung. A total of 12 female new immigrants were interviewed. The findings of the study are respectively summed up to three aspects: “the development progress of career stages and the return wish”, “the connection between female new immigrants and home country” and “ constructing a social network of female new immigrants to blend in with social space in Taiwan. In the “career stage” and “the development process of return migration wish”, it is concluded (A) The return migration wish spectrum of female new immigrants: “set the return date from the start”, “walk around” and “the spectrum of won’t return”. (B) Life event experience toward the adjustment of return migration wish: From the course of different events and the circulation of return wish, five types are sorted out. First group type: regular return linear type. Second group type: U-shaped return type. Third group type: ascending linear type. Fourth group type: descending linear type. Five group type: non-return type. (B) The attraction of government policies to the return migration wish: (a) The human rights, freedom and democracy of Taiwan’s democratic system attract immigrants to stay. (b) Social welfare in Taiwan guarantee immigrants to stay or go back and forth between two place. 3. The advantage of the education system and quality enable immigrants to stay in Taiwan for education and become more competitive in the future. 4. Taiwan government’s good-caring for immigrants makes them being accepted and willing to stay. 5. The new southward policy to enhance competitiveness is a boost to return. 6. Home country’s policy will affect the return migration intention. 7. The nationality policy makes influence to return intention. 8. Home country government policy, poor public facilities and living inconvenience affect the return intention. 9. Insufficient implementation of the mother tongue policy, mixing Taiwanese and Chinese, affecting return to the home country. “The connection between female new immigrants and the homeland” dimension is oriented to summarize the types of female new immigrants returning capital to their homeland: 1. They dedicate themselves to improving their primary family. 2. Help primary family cultivate their siblings to complete their studies and then put effort to their families in Taiwan. 3. Occasionally provide a financial return to their parents’ medical expenses. 4. Financial return for their responsibility and being a good child. 5. Financial return of long-term care of family. In the dimension of “connecting social network of female new immigrants in Taiwan and constructing a social space to blend in Taiwan”, including family relationship”, “social networks” and “family networks between home country and Taiwan. Finally, “integration–transnationalism matrix” is used to introduce the return migration wishes of Southeast-Asian female new immigrants, which are divided into four types: return type, home on both sides type, alienation type and non-return type. From the above research findings, it will be extended to discuss four points, including “Will it be possible if people stay a country for a long time and it will become his or her hometown?”, “Return migrantion wish consistent with the facts?”, “The development of transnational practices returned by the second generation” and “Forming a two-place network of families on both sides and transnational practices after life adaptation”. The result of this research are in dialogue with the cited theories and related research of return migration female new immigrants”. 1. Dialogue between research results and “Push and Pull Theory”, 2. Dialogue between research results and “Brain Circulation”, 3. Dialogue between research findings and “transnationalism” 4. Dialogue between research results and “transnational social space”. Finally, suggesting to the policies:1. Set up flexible nationality policy facilitates bilateral migration of female new immigrants. 2. Formulating related policies that are conducive to the return migration of female new immigrant and development and investment of Taiwanese husband. 3. Promoting Southeast-Asian language education and support measures for mother tongue education must be expanded. 4. Reward the new second generation to return to their home country for development investment. 5.Internationalization of social security to female new immigrants. 6.Re-integration friendly policies for female new immigrants return migration.