物理學家問題發現與問題解決之個案研究

Case Studies on two Physicists' Problem Finding and Problem Solving Mechanisms

鄭瑛珍(YingChen Cheng)

指導教授 ： 邱美虹

國立臺灣師範大學/理學院/科學教育研究所/碩士(1999年)

摘要

本研究將科學研究的歷程視為問題解決的活動，旨在探討個案物理學家在科學研究歷程中，問題發現和問題解決的情形。主要的研究問題包含以下三個：首先，探討個案物理學家如何形成研究主題；其次，探討個案物理學家遇到問題時，所採用的捷思法；最後，綜合討論影響個案物理學家進行科學研究的可能的因素。
為了探討以上的問題，本研究以物理實驗室的成員為觀察對象，採用實地觀察與半結構式訪談，蒐集相關資料，根據資料分析而得到以下的結果：
1.個案物理學家在形成研究主題，會蒐集相關的研究文獻、依據個人的先前做過的研究經驗、背景知識， 從中發現可以進一步研究的主題。
2.個案物理學家在進行研究，會根據個人的背景知識，預測實驗可能的結果。
3.個案物理學家在從事科學研究過程，有可能獲得研究發現的捷思法包含如下：設定研究可能目標、注意 不一致的地方、與人跨領域合作。且個案物理學家認為科學發現不是意外發生的，而是有心才會產生。
4.個案物理學家在遇到問題，所採用的捷思法如下：類比、與他人討論並由不同的角度看待問題、再度確 定所採用的步驟、建立模式解釋所研究的系統之行為、以圖表討論解決問題等捷思法。
5.討論實驗室的運作情況，研究發現領導者的風格會影響實驗室其它的成員，也會影響科學研究的方向。
6.個案物理學家從事科學研究的過程中，會應用到計畫、監控、評估等後設認知的技巧。
7.影響科學研究歷程可能的因素包括科學研究者本身的背景知識、科學研究者的個人特質及科學研究者的 研究動機、科學研究者所採用之發現問題和問題解決的捷思法、實驗室成員之間的互動，以及後設認知 的技巧。這些因素彼此之間又相互牽連，並共同影響科學研究的歷程。

關鍵字

問題發現 ； 問題解決 ； 科學研究歷程

並列摘要

In this study the scientific activity is seen as problem solving activity. The purpose of this study mainly discusses two physicists' problem finding and problem solving in the process of scientific activity. This study attempts to (1)discuss how a physicist formulates a topic of scientific experiment, (2) discuss what type of heuristics physicists use to solve problems, and (3) discover what factors may influence physicists to be devoted themselves to scientific work.
To achieve these purposes, the participants are all members of the two laboratories. The main subjects are the leaders of the two laboratories. All staff members of the two laboratories also involved in this study. In order to collect data, semi-structured interview and field observation are conducted.
The main findings are summarized as follow:
1.Before formulating a research topic, the physicists collect the correlative scientific literature, refer to previous experiments and their background knowledge to find a topic that can be further studied.
2.According to their background knowledge, they can predict the result of the experiment in the course of scientific work.
3.The following heuristics the scientists use may lead to scientific discovery: (1) to set the goal, (2) to be aware of inconsistent results, and (3) to cooperate with others people from different domain. The scientists indicate that many findings designated are not serendipitous. Rather, such findings are the results of careful experimentation and for a well-prepared mind.
4.When scientists face with problems, they use the following heuristics: (1) analogy, (2) to discuss with others and to take different approaches to deal with a problem, (3) to check periodically all the steps they take, (4) to create a model to explain all the systematic behaviors, and (5) to use a diagram to solve problem.
5.A working style of the leader may influence the members of the laboratory and the direction of scientific studies they are working on.
6.The scientists use metacognitive skills to plan, to monitor, and to evaluate the process of a scientific experiment.
7.The following factors influence the scientists' the scientific work: (1) one's knowledge background, (2) characteristic of personality, (3) motivation, (4) heuristic methods of problem finding and problem solving, (5) interaction of the members, and (6) metacognitive skills. All the factors discussed above also interact each other during a scientific process.

並列關鍵字

problem finding ； problem solving ； a scientific process

參考文獻

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