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  • 學位論文

奧運田徑項目演近與各國奪牌實力之分析

指導教授 : 湯銘新
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摘要


第一屆奧運會(1896 年)舉辦至今已有百多年歷史,而在眾多的競賽項目中,田徑項目一直是所有眾多比賽項目中最傳統的重頭戲之一。不但競賽項目最為繁多,其獎牌的數目也居所有競賽種類之冠。田徑項目素有“運動之母”的稱呼,而在奧運會當中,田徑項目的增設、刪除、修改、不再繼續舉辦與演進的始末,均有其特殊意義及原因,漸而演進至今日奧運會所舉辦的比賽制度與模式。 田徑項的獎牌數一直是世界各國爭奪的重點,又世界列強獎牌分佈情形與其各國本身發展、地理條件、教育制度、國家政策等因素息息相關,由歷屆奧運成績紀錄之文獻資料來統計獎牌分佈與排序,並研究各國獎牌排序結果來探究其形成原因。所獲得的結果有: 1. 田徑項目的刪除修改與競賽同質性有其絕對關係。如立定跳高、立定跳遠、56磅壺鈴等項目,因為與跳高、跳遠、鉛球的競賽型式相同,造成同質性的競賽方式過多而被刪除。 2. 規則不完善、爭議性大及無法客觀判定之項目易被刪除。如拔河、可否穿釘鞋及挖洞、60 m當時沒有終點攝影,成績太接近無法用肉眼判定名次勝負等問題。 3. 田徑獎牌分以歐洲、美洲國家佔近九成,其中以美國是奧運田徑項目的大金主。 4. 重點項目培訓以成為各國發展的重點。如非洲肯亞、衣索比亞、歐洲芬蘭及中國大陸等專門培育中長跑,日本專門培訓三級跳遠與馬拉松選手。 此外,上述結果亦做為我國在推論展奧運田徑項目之依據與借鏡。

關鍵字

奧運 田徑 獎牌

並列摘要


Since the first Olympics Games were held, it has been more than one hundred years. Of a great number of competition events, Athletics has been one of the most traditional main events. It has the most competition events and the number of medals it contains outnumbers all the other kinds of competition. Athletics has been called “Mother of Sports” In the Olympic Games, the ins and outs of the additions, deletions, amendment, evolution and discontinuation of Athletics have its special meanings and reasons and it gradually evolved to the current Olympic games competition system and mode. The number of medals got in athletics has been the focus of contest for all countries throughout the world. The distribution of medals is closely linked with each country’s development, geographic features, educational system, national policy and so on. If we gather statistics of the distribution of medals and rankings based on the previous literatures of Olympic Games and study the result of the rankings, we can find the following results: 1. The additions, deletions and amendment of Athletics have an absolute relation with natures of competition events. For example, events like Standing High Jump, Standing Long Jump and 56 1b Weight Throw and so on were deleted because they have they same competition style with High Jump, Long Jump, and Shot, causing too many events of similar natures. 2. Events with no definite rules, great controversy and will be easily deleted, such as Tug-of-War and 60m race. 3. Almost 90 percent of athletics medals are in Europe and American countries, and America is the biggest winner. 4. The training of focal events has become the emphasis of every country. For instance, Kenya, Ethiopia in Africa and Finland in Europe and Mainland China put emphasis on training Middle and Long Race, while Japan specially trains Triple Jump athletes. In addition, the above-mentioned results can also be regarded as a basis and example when our country is spreading Olympic Athletics events.

並列關鍵字

無資料

參考文獻


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