公式在「熱量與比熱」單元中對國中生學習結果影響之研究

The effect of formula on junior high school students’ learning about “heat and specific heat”

蕭延霖

指導教授 ： 楊文金

國立臺灣師範大學/理學院/科學教育研究所在職進修碩士班/碩士(2002年)

摘要

本研究以台北縣立國民中學之42位國一升國二的學生為研究對象，主要在探討H=M×S×△T這個公式在「熱量與比熱」單元中，對學生學習結果造成的影響；其次探討在教科書中是否應該陳述呈現H=M×S×△T公式。在研究工具方面，本研究以是非題式的閱讀測驗和問答題式的情境題做為測驗工具，以測驗學生在閱讀傳統文本與有公式文本後所造成之閱讀理解的學習結果，另外再晤談10位學生，以深入了解學生解題時的想法。最後將所蒐集到的資料，編碼計分，並進行T檢定與二因子變異數等統計分析整理。
研究結果顯示，文本中多了公式的陳述呈現，能使學生在解決複雜的情境題上有顯著的進步。閱讀有公式文本的學生在解情境題時，能呈現更好的問題表徵，並且有較多有效、重要的訊息出現在解答上。這表示公式的陳述呈現有助於學生在閱讀時做好組織，增進閱讀理解效果，使學生具有較佳概念性理解之知識結構，所以學生能建立較佳的基模來解題。另外，國一升國二的學生已具備學習符號表徵、符號公式的能力。對於數學高成就和國文高成就的學生而言，文本中加入公式對這些高成就的學生的閱讀理解與解題大有幫助。
就整個研究結果來說，於國中教科書「熱量與比熱」一單元中呈現出公式來組織整個概念與知識是必要的。這個公式不但能幫助學生組織及增加概念性理解，也能夠使高成就學生閱讀後擁有更好的敘述性知識。

關鍵字

公式 ； 熱量與比熱 ； 知識結構

並列摘要

The subjects of this study included 42 students in a junior high school in Taipei country. The study mainly explored the effects of formula on learning about “heat and specific heat”, and it also discussed whether the textbooks should explicitly present the formula “H=M×S×△T.” This study utilized reading test and open-ended situational essay problems to assess the learning effects derived from reading a traditional text (without the formula) and a revised text incorporating the formula. In addition, ten students were selected for further interviews to deeply explore their ideas when solving the problems.
The research findings revealed that the revised text significantly helped students solve complex problems. They had better representations about the problems, as well as showed more valid and important information on the solutions. This indicated that the presence of formula could help students construct better conceptual understanding and knowledge structures, and thus better schema, to solve problems. The revised text was particularly helpful for those who achieved higher in Chinese and mathematics. The results also suggested that the learning effects on this particular group of students were more obvious.
In conclusion, it is suggested to include the formula when presenting the concepts on the unit “heat and specific heat” in the junior high school textbooks. Students could have better conceptual understanding and knowledge organization by the assistance of the formula, especially for high academic achievers.

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