專利權鼓勵發明,促進技術發展;環境權主張生態保育、污染防制及永續發展。本論文主要希望透過對專利權、環境權等權利的形成與內容加以分析,同時也對標準制度與專利強制授權制度與前述兩種權利交錯存在情勢下的實踐運作分析論述。 專利法最重要的目的是要促進科技的進步,對發明人利益或企業研發投資的保護都僅是促進科技進步的一種手段。將此概念推及整個智慧財產權體系來講,唯有當對於智慧財產權的保護可以促進科技社會的進步時,權利人的權利方應受智慧財產權法的保護;反之倘若對於智慧財產權的保護非但無法促進科技的發展,甚至可能有害時,便不應以法律加以保護。政府衡平專利權濫用,造成不競爭或不公平競爭,常以兩種手段,一為「行政管制」,一為 「行政限制」之「強制授權」,前者常以合理授權條件或授權契約之應記載及不得記載事項內容等方式,後者則需訂下標的、範圍等門檻。 一旦技術領導廠商以其專利技術為基礎制定產業標準,將可更加增添其專利權的獨占地位,其他事業非得取得專利授權否則無法在相關產業中生存。此時專利授權人與被授權人的談判地位將嚴重失衡,專利權人以拒絕授權等手段威脅,往往便可逼迫被授權人接受高額權利金,明顯已嚴重影響自由市場之交易秩序。 環保污染防制越來越牽涉到先進防制技術,另一方面,為求生態保護與污染防制功效,有關環保的標準越有細節化趨勢,故本論文認為宜比照保障與人類生命、身體權益相關的醫藥品專利強制授權規定,將環境權,納為專利強制授權規定的標的;按環境權其也係基本人權,並且其影響更大量的生命與健康,而且環境權的影響相對於個人生命,其程度更深、範圍更廣。
Patent systems encourage the innovations of technology and it granted exclusive rights to the patent owner. Standardizations, in other hand, expedite the commercialization of technology so the technology owner has better advantageous in competition. Nowadays environmental right for eco substance, pollution control and substantial development has been listed as basic human right. Once they interlace together and patent become part of the technology standards, such standard may not only govern the development of a enterprise but also decide the trend of technology in an industry. Usually we took two means to balance the patent abusing and total domination, one is via administrative control that sets guidance of patent licensing contract, the other is the compulsory patent licensing system. While infringement issue involving in environmental right and standard patent may seriously impede the substance of environment and human right. As well as medicine issue, Putting environmental issue as an object of compulsory patent license could balance and smooth the profit and conflict between patent owner and the public.
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