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  • 學位論文

刑事責任能力判斷之本質-刑法解釋學與精神醫學之交錯

The Judgement of Criminal Responsibility- Interlace of Law and Psychiatry

指導教授 : 李茂生
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摘要


一般在論及責任能力判斷的相關問題時,精神鑑定與法官間的「判斷不一致」向來是討論的重點,相關論述甚至帶動修法,新法現已採取德國所謂的「混合模式」立法例。透過「與精神醫學接軌」的修法外加「司法精神醫學」的「整合」,論者皆謂此等作法將解決所謂判斷不一致的問題。 然而,若法學與精神醫學本是不同的學科領域,所謂判斷上的「不一致」似乎即是不可避免的問題;再者,若責任能力終究是一種規範評價,一味強調藉由「司法精神醫學」的實踐化解此等差異,毋寧是在看似「整合」的操作下掩飾、並無限循環問題。 本文即是試圖藉由分析此等判斷結構以呈現問題的本質: 就生物學要素而言,所謂的「精神障礙」毋寧是法學概念下的醫學問題,而非論者所謂的「精神醫學用語」;進而在心理學要素的判斷上,傳統不論是法學或是精神醫學論述皆採取精神鑑定無法探知的「不可知論」立場,除了是重申法學的判斷權限、更是由來於其精神醫學的知識背景,在「有病即無責任能力」的慣例操作下「默認」心理學要素。再者,即便是採取「可知論」立場的我國鑑定實務,在法官重申判斷權限與概念本質係規範評價之後,即可任意推翻精神鑑定結果、代之以與個人特質無關的規範判斷。 是以,相對於通說強調整合面向的「司法精神醫學」、忽視責任能力的規範判斷本質而不斷往精神障礙類型化發展的討論傾向;本文認為採取「可知論」立場判斷心理學要素,其所得應係行為人行為模式的心理學資訊、而非認識能力與控制能力的價值判斷,並以此限制法官作出與個人特質無關的判斷。 此等解釋除了是試圖回應我國精神醫學知識背景與法學論述對行為人「行為時」責任能力的理解;更是抗拒規範化個人、肯認個人「自由行動可能性」的嘗試。

並列摘要


The general discussions about the judgement of criminal responsibility often focus on the discrepancy between the jurist and the psychiatrist. There are two ways to figure out this issue. One of them is the amendment to Code No.19 of criminal law. The new code, which was approved in 2005, adopted “Germany model” to judge criminal responsibility and included mental disorder and one’s ability to cognize and control. The other is the advocacy of “forensic psychiatry”, which provides the jurist and the psychiatrist the way to communicate. However, it will dissimulate what the real problem is if we emphasize on integrating these two subjects because they belong to two different fields. The judgement of criminal responsibility is the conception of law in essence, and forensic psychiatry medical arena. Moreover, the way “Germany model” judges criminal responsibility is based on “biological psychiatry”, which aims to understand mental disorder in terms of the biological function of the nervous system. In other words, “psychiatric disease” or “Konvention” at Germany’s justice practice, means that somebody has lost his or her criminal responsibility. Therefore, the “Germany model” is not suitable for our “psychodynamic psychiatry”. Besides, according to the Code No.19 of criminal law, how can the jurist judge one’s behavior had been influenced by his or her mental disorder? In brief, the goal of this article is to find out the “real problem” of the judgement. In other words, we will argue that neither amendment to Code No.19 nor advocacy of forensic psychiatry can eliminate the discrepancy by neglecting the role of the jurist. Moreover, we will also try to find out the appropriate method to judge one’s criminal responsibility with the combination of law and psychiatry, not just the integration.

參考文獻


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