三反運動之研究

「三反」是1951年12月中共在黨內展開的反貪污、反浪費、反官僚主義運動。中共曾推動數次整黨整風，「三反」也與當時的整黨結合。「抗美援朝」戰爭使中共財政陷入困境，於是開展增產節約運動。在運動中揭出大量貪污、浪費和官僚主義問題，促成中共發動「三反」。各地召開動員大會並送交報告，在運動持續升溫後，造成鬥爭過火的偏向，且財經機構受影響、工商業顯著停滯。為徹底進行「三反」並打退資產階級，中共同時在工商界展開「五反」。重心轉入「五反」後，各地開始糾正「三反」帶來的問題。中共頒布一系列相關的「規定」和「條例」，對「三反」定案處理。接著在建設階段中，交代與資產階級的關係、批判資產階級思想、結合整黨並進行組織和制度建設。至1952年10月底，「三反」、「五反」正式結束。中共認為「三反」提高執政水平，挽回大量經濟損失，使廉潔思想成為社會的新風尚。然而，中共建政後，對幹部及國家經濟造成最嚴重後遺症者，即為「三反」、「五反」。總體上，中共並未從體制、制度上找到有效防止問題的辦法，在「三反」後，中共仍要繼續與貪污、浪費、官僚主義等問題鬥爭下去。

關鍵字

三反；打虎；反腐敗；整黨

並列摘要

The "Three-anti" was a reform campaign within the Chinese Communist Party （CCP） in December, 1951. The targets were corruption, waste and bureaucracy. The CCP had carried out several rectification campaigns, of which the "Three-anti" was also incorporated. The war to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea had put the People’s Republic of China（PRC） into a financial dilemma; the CCP launched a campaign to increase production and practice economy. This campaign revealed serious issues of corruption, waste and bureaucracy, which then brought about the "Three-anti" campaign by the CCP. They convened mobilization meetings country-wide and submitted reports. The conflict got excessively intense as the campaign became fierce, the result was to affect the financial institutions and slow down the economy. To implement the "Three-anti" thoroughly and to defeat the bourgeoisie, the CCP launched concurrently the "Five-anti" among the industrial and commercial sectors. After the focus had shifted to the "Five-anti", they started to rectify the problems from the "Three-anti." The Chinese Communist enacted a series of rules and regulations against the "Three-anti." While in the construction stage, they clarified the relationships with the bourgeoisie, criticize their thoughts and to incorporate measures to rectify the party, as well as to undertake the organization and construction of the system. The "Three-anti" and "Five-anti" officially came to the end in late October, 1952. The CCP identified the "Three-anti" as to improve its art of leadership and governance, to retrieve the massive loss of the economy and to make integrity a new culture of the society. Nevertheless, after the Chinese CCP had established the government, the "Three-anti" and "Five-anti" turned out to be the reasons that endanger their officials and the economy of the country. In general, the CCP did not seek to find the resolutions from the system as a whole. After the "Three-anti" campaign, their fights against corruption, waste and bureaucracy still go on.