國際氣候變遷法制規範跨國公司之研究

The Study on Regulating Multinational Corporations under International Climate Change Law

張嘉珉(CHIA-MIN CHANG)

指導教授 ： 廖宗聖

國立中正大學/法學院/法律學系/碩士(2015年)

摘要

人為溫室氣體排放過量使氣候已明顯暖化，造成氣候變遷，亦使我們生活的環境產生劇烈改變。這些改變不僅衝擊國家主權的完整性，如國土喪失、天災頻仍，也衝擊個人享有人權的權利，如生命權受到危害、居住權遭到剝奪等。溫室氣體排放過量的主要原因，為工業革命及全球化下，國際經濟場域上的主要行為者－跨國公司，其營業模式造成過多的人為二氧化碳排放。惟，目前跨國公司並未受肯認為完整的國際法主體，僅能仰賴國內法或公司自律，要求跨國公司為其造成氣候變遷，進而衍生的責任負責。然，跨國公司營業行為的國際性、其地位的特殊性，往往在造成嚴重的氣候變遷影響，進而侵犯到人權後，得以規避責任。因此，現行國際氣候變遷法制中，有規範跨國公司的必要性。

　　本文首先由國內法及傳統國際法中，欲尋求對跨國公司規範的框架，但由於其跨國性質，跨國公司仍能遊走於法規的灰色地帶。本文再以跨國公司在氣候變遷下，應負擔之人權責任為出發，嘗試自國際人權法、國際經濟法、國際環境法中，區分硬、軟法文件，尋找對跨國公司的氣候變遷人權責任可能的規範方式。但目前國際人權法與國際經濟法的架構下，硬法文件仍以國家為中心進行規範，軟法文件亦須等待各國形成拘束力的共識，在國際環境法下規範跨國公司，可能是目前較為可行的方法。因此，本文建議於氣候變化綱要公約下，擬定跨國公司議定書，提升跨國公司之國際法地位，使其與國家共同負責，並於議定書中將跨國公司責任明確化，並透過第三方監督機制的設立，處理跨國公司氣候變遷責任的分配，以及受氣候變遷影響的人權補償問題等，以議定書強化國際氣候變遷法制的規範，並使跨國公司於國際活動中除享受權利外，亦負擔相對應的責任。

關鍵字

溫室氣體 ； 碳排放 ； 人權 ； 跨國企業 ； 跨國公司 ； 氣候變遷

並列摘要

Climate change has been a global issue since 1970s. The latest report of International Panel on the Climate Change (IPCC) that, global warming is unequivocal and there is “extremely likely” that human influence is the main factor of this situation. States as well as people will be affected by climate change in several ways, for example, the rising sea level will endangered the right to live of people in the coastal area and the territory of the small island states. Measures are provided to control the emission of greenhouse gas (GHGs), such as mitigation and adaptation. Yet, the regulations on climate change has been considered insufficient to deal with the current condition.

　　The reason why the international forum didn’t work out is that the state-centered regulation cannot directly apply to real emitter, Multinational Corporations (MNCs). MNCs, main oil companies such as Exxon, BP, and Royal Dutch Shell, have caused nearly two thirds of the GHGs since the industrialization. According to Heede’s research, it was reported that the amount of emission is 914 gigatonnes between 1751 to 2010. Therefore, MNCs could be considered the main trouble-maker of climate change. With the ability to do business beyond borders, MNCs could also shift responsibilities across countries and lead to carbon leakage. In order to tackle the problem, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol suggested with Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Carbon Trading market to involve MNCs activities on reducing GHGs. MNCs could also comply with its guidelines in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to meet with the purpose with UNFCCC. However, either the mechanism or the guidelines are not effectively binding MNCs. That is, the climate change law should involve the participation of MNCs, but how?

　　With the current legal framework, MNCs can easily escape from the obligations posed by domestic laws, whether from home country or host country. On the other hand, MNCs are still not the subject of international law. To answer the above question, MNC’s responsibility of human right under climate change might be the approach to counter the problem. In this article, the approach was considered to apply in international human rights law, international economic law, international environmental law, and soft law. After analyzing the International Law mentioned above, international environmental law is considered to be more suitable than others.

　　Thus, to regulate MNCs’ responsibility of human rights under the international environmental law, the Protocol of MNCs is suggested under UNFCCC. First, MNCs should be considered as one of the subjects under international law, and undertake the obligations with States. Second, impose specific and unified obligations and responsibilities under hard law, the Protocol of MNCs, Third, establish the third party under the protocol to distribute the responsibilities and decide for the human rights compensations under climate change.

　　Human rights are respected worldwide, especially the protection of right to life is considered as jus cogen under international law. Thus, with the suggested protocol, MNCs could no longer shirk the responsibility for causing climate change. Instead, MNCs, with more economical resources, technical supports, and powerful ability, should definitely involve in the framework of climate change law in order to return the favor to the global society.

並列關鍵字

Human rights ； Multinational Enterprises ； Multinational Corporations ； GHGs emission ； Climate Change

參考文獻

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