運用商業模式及績效評估之觀點分析台灣社會企業發展模式

An Analysis of the Development Models of the Social Enterprises in Taiwan based on the Points of View of Business Models and Performance Evaluation

陳於志(Yu-Chih Chen)

指導教授 ： 胡夢鯨

國立中正大學/教育學院/成人及繼續教育學系/博士(2016年)

摘要

社會創業的起點是創業環境，有好的創業環境才會有好的創業成果。近年來台灣社會企業如雨後春筍般林立，掀起一波社會創業的浪潮；但眾多新設社會企業因為政策資訊不足或營運技術不佳而發生經營不善的問題，社會企業正面臨極大挑戰。如何提升社會創業者尋求支援、整合資源的能力，縮短創業的摸索歷程，提高創業的成功機率，將是未來政府扶植或推動社會企業改善及發展的重要課題。本研究從社會企業專業化的觀點，分析台灣社會企業發展模式，期以建構一套完整且系統化的自我檢測模型與指標，提供社會企業創業家在實際投入創業與經營時，能按圖索驥，不至於走許多冤枉路或失敗而終。如此則能為社會造福而不致於枉費社會資源。
有鑑於此，本研究以台灣社會企業為研究主體，以應用商業模式與績效評估之觀點，藉以探討台灣社會企業之：一、創業動機與設立目的；二、發展歷程可能發生的困難與解決方案；三、經營成功關鍵因素；四、具社會價值的商業模式; 五、企業發展可能模式。最後綜合研究結果，歸結出不同發展可能模式的社會企業在其發展歷程階段自我檢測模型之建議。
本研究採用深度訪談法進行研究，以立意採樣方式選取在Alter(2007)所提出的社會混合光譜上不同落點的10家社會企業為研究對象。經過深度訪談、觀察與文獻及資料分析與討論，根據研究發現，歸納結論如下：
一、台灣社會企業蓋以解決社會問題為創業動機與設立目的。創業之初應優先重視內外部情境分析與願景組織狀態的自我檢測，以有效制訂具體經營計畫與策略目標。
二、台灣社會企業發展各階段面臨的問題，以資金、人才、產銷平衡與營運模式為主要，應優先重視政策資訊、資源挹注、流程管理、人才培育與商業模式的建構，以強化社會企業有效生存與發展的能力。
三、台灣社會企業成功經營關鍵因素，除創業家特質與明確的社會使命及願景目標外，以擁有具有能完成社會使命的商業模式為最主要，應優先重視社會使命的確認與商業模式的自我檢測，以有效創造成功的產出成果。
四、從商業模式的觀點來分析社會企業發展模式，可歸納出社區協力組織、社會與經濟性混合機制、共同平台商業模式、分享或共有經濟模式、體驗式經濟及虛擬實體O2O模式等六種商業模式。社會企業如能建構適用的商業模式，則可創造社會效益及經濟成果，以實現價值主張。
五、應用CVIPBP績效評估的觀點分析社會企業發現其社會效益及經濟成果比例將會影響社會企業的發展。而以CVIPBP做為社會企業自我檢測指標對分析創業前、中、後之組織績效與營運成果，具有積極意義。對於社會企業的產出成果與未來發展至關重要，能有效及時改善營運作為。
六、本研究根據研究結果與結論，針對社會企業發展彙整出六大商業模式，並
根據CVIPBP關鍵指標，分就政府、社會企業、成功企業主及未來研究提出
相關建議。

關鍵字

績效評估 ； 商業模式 ； 社會企業發展 ； 社會企業 ； CVIPBP

並列摘要

The origin of social enterprise is enterprise environment; a good enterprise environment will have a good enterprise performances. In resent years, social enterprises have sprung up everywhere in Taiwan, setting off a tide of social entrepreneurship. However, a number of new social enterprises failed because of the lack of information or poor policies and poor management of operating technical problems. The social enterprises in Taiwan are facing great challenges. How to enhance the ability of social entrepreneurs to seek support, to integrate the resources, how to shorten the exploration process of the staring stage and how to elevate the chances of success of entrepreneurship, will be an important issue for the government to support or promote the improvement and development of social enterprises in the future. From the point of view of the professional social enterprises, this study attempts to analysis the development models of the social enterprises in Taiwan and tries to construct a complete and systematic self-testing models and norms for the social entrepreneurs to follow when they began to run a social enterprise. Therefore, they will not make many costly mistakes or failure, and eventually, they can bring the society with a great benefit, instead of wasting social resources.
In view of this, the study took the social enterprises in Taiwan as the study objects. Based on the view of the business model and performance evaluation, the study researched the social enterprises in Taiwan into the following. First, the motivations and the purposes of establishing the social enterprises; Second, the difficulties that may occur in the development processes as well as the solutions; Third, the key factors in business success; Fourth, the business models with social value; Five, the possible models for business development. Finally, according to the results of such a comprehensive study, the researcher will have a suggestion of self-testing models for different development processes of social enterprises.
The study adapted in-depth interview and purposive sampling method to select 10 social enterprises in Taiwan as the study objects according to the different placements on the spectrum of social enterprises designed by Alter. Through individual in-depth interviews, observation and literature data analysis and discussion as well as the study findings, conclusions are summarized as follows:
1. The social enterprises in Taiwan tend to take “solving the social problems” as the motivations and the purposes of establishing the social enterprises. At the beginning of entrepreneurship, the self-testing of both scenario analysis of internal and external tissue and enterprise vision should be given priority to effectively develop specific business plans and strategic objectives.
2. The problems of the social enterprises in Taiwan in different development stages are mostly about financial, personnel, balance production and sales and business model. Information policy, funds injection, process management, talent education and business models should be given as the main priority in order to strengthen the effective ability to survival and development of social enterprises.
3. The key factors in business success of the social enterprises in Taiwan lie in not only the characteristics of entrepreneurs with a clear social mission and vision of the goal but also the business models with a confirm social mission to complete. The confirmation of social mission and the self-testing of the business models should be given priority to take care of in order to effectively create a successful outputs achievement.
4.Based on the perspective of business model to analysis of social enterprise development, the following six business models can be developed：the collaborative community organization, the hybrid social and economic system, platform business models, sharing economic models, Experiential Economy and virtual entities O2O models. If social enterprises can construct suitable business models, then they will create social benefits and economic outcomes so as to realize the value proposition.
5. With the application of CVIPBP performance evaluation to analysis social enterprises, the researcher found that the proportion of social benefits and economic outcomes will affect the development of social enterprises. And as self-test indicators of social enterprises, CVIPBP have a great influence on the analysis of the organizational performance and operations outcomes in the period of before, during and after the entrepreneurship. It would significantly affect the outputs and outcomes of social enterprises and their future development, improving the operation effectively and timely.
6. According to the findings of this study and conclusions, the study proposed the six major business models for social enterprises and has made a suggestion to the government, social enterprises, successful entrepreneurs and future research according to CVIPBP key indicators as well.

並列關鍵字

business models ； performance evaluation ； social enterprise development ； social business ； CVIPBP

參考文獻

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