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  • 學位論文

居家環境中多溴聯苯醚對人體之健康風險評估

Impact of polybrominateddiphenyl ethers on human health and risk assessment in home environment

指導教授 : 趙浩然

摘要


多溴二苯醚(PBDE)是一類溴化阻燃劑,已被廣泛用於各種商業或消費產品,例如家具,紡織品,油漆,建築材料,和家用電子設備幾十年。 由於多溴二苯醚與各類聚合物產品,是以物理組合而非化學鍵結,故多溴二苯醚可以從塗覆的商業或消費產品,滲出到環境中而造成污染。多溴二苯醚具親脂性、持久性、及生物蓄積性,且無處不存在於室內環境或微環境中。因此,它們對環境的污染,已經不斷引起全球公共衛生的關注。動物研究結果也顯示多溴二苯醚可能破壞生殖和發育系統,具神經毒性及干擾內分泌系統。直至2011年,產前暴露於多溴二苯醚可能對甲狀腺激素的破壞,人類的神經發育和健康的不利影響的研究證據仍然有限。因此,我們設計三個不同的目的研究,以檢視暴露於多溴二苯醚對內分泌功能(如:甲狀腺激素和胰島素樣生長因子-1(IGF-1)),及神經發育的影響以及評估對家居環境的健康風險。 第一部分: 動物研究結果顯示,新生兒暴露於多溴二苯醚可導致持久性神經行為缺陷,包括在運動活性、認知作用、及自發行為的改變,和膽鹼系統的易感性。本研究的目的是檢測產前暴露於多溴二苯醚對嬰兒神經發育的影響。我們以高解析氣相層析/高解析質譜儀(HRGC/HRMS)檢測36個臍帶血樣中的多溴二苯醚濃度,並以檢測嬰兒神經發育的貝利量表第三版,來評估嬰幼兒神經發育情況。利用統計方法,研究其相關性。本研究結果顯示,產前暴露於多溴二苯醚可能影響嬰兒的神經發育。 第二部分: 體內研究顯示,囓齒動物的產前或新生兒暴露於多溴二苯醚會擾亂甲狀腺激素的平衡,但很少有研究報告多溴二苯醚和胰島素生長因子-1(IGF-1)的關聯。本研究的目地是探討多溴二苯醚暴露是否會影響甲狀腺激素及IGF-1在臍血中的濃度。本研究共招募140位台灣中部(2000~2001年)及南部(2007至2009年) 的健康孕婦。收集產後一個月內的母乳樣品(n=149),利用高解析氣相層析/高解析質譜儀(HRGC/HRMS)檢測母乳中14種PBDEs濃度,及臍帶血中甲狀腺素與胰島素生長因子-1(IGF-1)濃度,並以統計方法,研究其相關性。結果顯示母乳中14種PBDEs總濃度與臍帶血中甲狀腺激素和IGF-1並無顯著相關。但以多元逐步線性回歸模型檢測並控制產婦年齡,孕前體重指數(BMI),胎次,胎齡和區域後(即中部和南部台灣)結果顯示:臍血中Log T4濃度與母乳中較高濃度的BDE-154略為顯著相關。而Log FT4的濃度與Log BDE-99濃度的降低和Log BDE-154濃度的增加具顯著相關。Log IGF-濃度也與Log BDE-196濃度的增加及Log BDE-85濃度的降低具顯著相關。本研究結果顯示,台灣婦女臍帶血中甲狀腺激素及IGF-1的濃度與母乳中多溴二苯醚濃度與具弱相關。 第三部分: 人體暴露於多溴二苯醚可能與不良健康影響有相關。飲食和微環境的來源被認為是多溴二苯醚暴露的主要途徑。本研究旨在檢測住宅室內和室外空氣中多溴二苯醚含量,並進一步的評估其對不同年齡的家庭成員的健康風險影響。本研究同時收集住宅區的房屋室內外空氣樣品,並以HRGC/ HRMS檢測空氣樣品中 BDE-47,99,100,153,154,183,196,197,203,206,207,208以及209的含量加以統計分析。本研究結果顯示室內空氣中PBDEs含量並未顯著高於室外。而住宅區屋外空氣的PBDE平均含量比工業和城市地區的屋外空氣低。在台灣家中室內空氣的Σ14PBDEs和BDE-209的含量並未高於其他國家。台灣家庭成員中,每天由室內空氣和灰塵所攝入非飲食PBDEs的量,以幼兒最高而成年男性最低。在台灣,對於居家環境中引起影響神經行為的非膳食多溴二苯醚暴露量,其非癌症(危險商數:HQ)和癌症(癌風險:R)的風險評估分別為小於1.00和1.00低×10-6的臨界值。總之,在台灣,居家室內多溴二苯醚和每天攝入非食物多溴二苯醚含量是較低,若只考慮對神經行為的影響,居家環境中的多溴二苯醚的含量對家庭成員從新生兒到老年人是無害的。

並列摘要


The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is a class of BFRs that has been widely used in various commercial or consumer products, such as furniture, textiles, paints, construction materials, and household electronic equipment for several decades. Due to the PBDEs being not chemically bound to the polymer product but are physically combined with polymers, the PBDEs can leach out from the coated commercial or consumer products into the environment and result in contamination. Therefore, the contamination of PBDEs has continuously raised the global public health concern due to their lipophilicity, persistence, bioaccumulation and ubiquity in the indoor environment or microenvironment. The results from animal studies had shown to have reproductive and developmental effects, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. Before 2011, the evidence of adverse impacts of prenatal PBDEs exposure on thyroid hormone disruption, human neurodevelopment or health still remained limited. Therefore, we designed three portions of studies with three different purposes to identify the impact of PBDEs exposure on endocrine function (e.g.: thyroid hormones and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)), neurodevelopment as well as to assessment the health risk in home environment. Part 1: The results from animal studies indicate that neonatal exposure to PBDEs can lead to persistent neurobehavioral defects, including changes in locomotor activity, cognitive effects, spontaneous behavior, and cholinergic susceptibility. The aim of this study is to examine the impacts of prenatal exposure to PBDEs on infant neurodevelopment. The PBDEs levels in 36 cord blood samples were analyzed with a high-resolution-gas-chromatograph/ high-resolution-mass-spectrometer(HRGC/HRMS) and the infant neurodevelopment was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition. The correlation between the PBDE levels and the scales of neurodevelopment of Infant and Toddler was studied. The results has suggested that prenatal PBDEs exposure may potentially affect infant neurodevelopment. Part 2: In vivo studies show that prenatal or neonatal exposure of rodents to PBDEs disrupts thyroid hormone balance, but few studies have reported an association between PBDEs and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). The goal of this study was to examine whether PBDEs exposure affects the levels of thyroid hormones and IGF-1 in cord blood. Study participants were healthy pregnant women recruited from the general population in central Taiwan between 2000 and 2001 and in southern Taiwan from 2007 to 2009. 140 breast milk samples (n = 149), which were collected within one month after delivery, were analyzed using a high resolution gas chromatograph equipped with a high resolution mass spectrometer. The correlation between the PBDE levels of breast milk and thyroid hormone level as well as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) level was studied. Breast milk Σ14PBDEs were not significantly correlated with thyroid hormones and IGF-1 in cord blood. After examining multiple stepwise linear regression models with adjustment for maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity, gestational age, and region (namely, central and southern Taiwan), we found that log of T4 in cord blood was significantly but slightly correlated with higher BDE-154 in breast milk. The log of FT4 concentration was significantly related to a decrease in the log of BDE-99 level and an increase in the log of BDE-154 level. The log of IGF-1 level was also significantly linked to an increase in the log of BDE-196 level and decrease in the log of BDE-85 level. The study indicated that cord blood levels of thyroid hormones and IGF-1 weakly correlate with breast milk levels of PBDEs in Taiwan. Part 3: Human exposure to PBDEs might be associated with several adverse health effects. Dietary and microenvironmental sources are considered to be the main routes of PBDEs exposure. The study aimed to investigate PBDEs in residential indoor and outdoor air and further to assess the health risks in family members of different ages. Indoor and outdoor air samples from houses in residential areas were simultaneously collected for analysis of BDE-47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 196, 197, 203, 206, 207, 208, and 209 by HRGC/HRMS. PBDE concentrations were non-significantly higher indoors than outdoors (p = 0.513). For the outdoor air, the mean PBDE level was lower in air outside houses than in air from industrial and urban areas. Levels of Σ14PBDEs and BDE-209 in house indoor air were no higher in Taiwan than other countries. The daily intake of non-dietary PBDEs from house air and dust in Taiwan was highest in toddlers and lowest in male adults among family members. For Taiwanese, the risks of non-cancer (hazard quotient: HQ) and cancer (cancer risk: R) with neurobehavioral effects of exposure to non-dietary PBDEs in the home environment were assessed to be lower than the critical values of 1.00 and 1.00 × 10–6 for HQs and Rs, respectively. In conclusion, levels of indoor PBDEs and non-dietary daily intake were found to be low in home environments in Taiwan. This result suggests that PBDEs in the home environment are not harmful to family members from the newborn to the elderly if we only consider the neurobehavioral effects.

參考文獻


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