學校自治的憲法理論基礎建構

Constructing of the Constitutional Theoretical Foundation of School Autonomy

許育典(Yue-Dian Hsu)

《臺大法學論叢》 36卷4期 (2007/12) Pp. 61-122

https://doi.org/10.6199/NTULJ.2007.36.04.02

摘要

學校自治，是一種權力下放的學校行政法制，在德國90年代的初期逐漸引發了討論，其在教育政策的用語上，使用了學校的自立性或自主性，或學校的自我負責或自我管理。這些學校自治的相關描述及用語，早已不再是德國教育政策的口號。大部分這些類似學校自治的概念，毋寧已經在德國的學校相關法律、法規命令及行政規則，找到它們在教育行政上實踐的法律途徑。就此而言，這些類似學校自治的教育學概念，同時也成爲法學的概念，變成教育法學的研究對象。國內教育學界探討學校自治的問題，習慣用美國的「學校本位管理」一詞，這個用語盛行於英美語系國家，且於1980年代後期成爲各主要國家教育改革核心主題與策略，而我國受此教育改革風潮的影響，在法令與政策皆朝這個基調相呼應。這些教育法令的規定內容，都涉及到學校本位管理的具體化，可說是學校本位管理的法制化輻射。然而，當教育行政進入到法制化的過程，教育學概念也將整合到法學概念，成爲教育法學的研究內涵。本文即嘗試以學校自治爲核心，從自我實現的教育理論出發，整合教育法學的理論基礎，再透過憲法上基本原則與教育基本權的保障，嘗試建構學校自治的憲法理論基礎，其中經由教育基本權作爲組織與程序的功能，具體型塑學校自治的保護法益，藉此嘗試建構學校自治學校自治法制化的基礎。

關鍵字

學校自治 ； 學校本位管理 ； 自我管理學校 ； 自我實現 ； 教育基本權 ； 法治國原則 ； 民主原則 ； 教育改革

並列摘要

School autonomy is a mechanism of state's passing down authorities of school management in the administrative law system. In Germany, the discussions of school autonomy began in 1990s and gradually gained its popularity. Those terms often used in discussions of school autonomy, such as self-reliance of schools, self-determination of schools, self-responsibility of schools, or self-management of schools are no longer slogans of educational policies in Germany. Most of these school-autonomy-like concepts have been implemented and incorporated by relevant law and regulation with regarding to the educational administration of German schools. As a result, these school-autonomy-like concepts in education are turned into legal concepts and become the legal research objects. In Taiwan, it is common to education scholars to use the term, school-based management, when discussing the issues of school autonomy. School-based management, originated in the United States and prevails in English speaking countries, has been the core subject of educational reforms and strategies in major countries since late 1980s. Influenced by the wave of the educational reform, the educational law and regulation and policies in Taiwan all echoes the concept of school-based management. The contents of the above mentioned educational law and regulation all involve the substances of school-based management and can be said as the radiation of legalizing the concept of school-based management. However, along with the process of legalization of educational administration, the education concepts will be integrated into legal concepts and become the research subjects of educational law. To begin with the educational theory of self-fulfillment and to integrate with theoretical basis of educational law, this Article attempts to base on the concept of school autonomy to construct the constitutional theoretical basis of school autonomy. Through the discussions of the fundamental right to education as the organizational and procedural bases, this Article attempts to sculpture substantively the protected interests of school autonomy and to construct the basis of the legalization of school autonomy.

並列關鍵字

school autonomy ； school-based management ； self-managing school ； self-fulfillment ； fundamental right to education ； principle of rule of law ； principle of democracy ； educational reform

參考文獻

謝文全(2002)。學校本位管理的實施與困境。教育研究集刊。48(2)，1-36。

Avenarius, Hermann,M. Aschke,F. Hase,R. Schmidt-De Caluwe (Hrsg.)(2005).Selbstbestimmung und Gemeinwohl, Festschrift für Friedrich von Zezschwitz zum 70.Geburtstag, Baden-Baden:

B. Frank Brown著、陳光輝譯(1980)。美國的公民教育。台北:東大。

Badura, Peter(1996).Staatsrecht.München:

Beetz, Sibylle(1997).Autonomie öffentliche Schule: Diskussion eines Auftrags zur Schulentwicklung.Z. f. Päd.149.