陵墓塋域及其常見植物傷悼意象之探討－以宋代之前古典詩歌爲例

考察古典詩歌中對於宗廟祠堂、帝王陵寢的肅穆氛圍，或是孤墳荒塚淒涼意象的情境描寫，時常借助自然景物中的松、柏、白楊、楸、檟等植物景觀來形容描寫或映襯烘托。而這樣的意象，又往往是傳統政治制度、宗教精神、風俗民情等觀念的反映。檢索漢民族墓葬儀節，可以發現陵墓塋域植樹的意義，可能是藉以別尊卑、定名分；或是源自社木崇拜的遺風；或是生死異界的象徵；或是庇蔭子孫的風水觀念所致。至於陵墓塋域所栽植的樹木，古籍中所見不外乎是松、柏、楸、檟、楊、梧桐、榆、槐、欒等。選用這些樹木的原因，固然是禮制有所規範，但規範制定之初，可能就是基於該樹種終年常青的景觀；或是讀音接近所欲表達的概念而借用；或是傳說中具有避邪的功能；或是能徵吉兆的聯想；或是易於栽植的特性。因此對於陵墓塋域常見的植物有所認識，並對這些植物之所以被選用栽植的文化背景有所了解，則欣賞古典詩歌時，當有助於對松、柏、白楊、楸、檟等植物所呈現的傷悼意象之掌握。

關鍵字

陵墓塋域；植樹；傷悼意象

並列摘要

When we study the sentimental description of solemn atmosphere and image in ancestral temple and shrine, imperial burial place, or solitary and abandoned graves, we often see authors portray the environment with natural landscape. Various plants such as pine, cypress, aspen, Chinese catalpa, and an evergreen shrub were used to depict the surroundings. This image is usually a reflection of the traditional political system, religion, custom and social situation at the time. When searching for the information concerning burial ceremony of Han people, we find out the trees planted in the vicinity of cemetery are mostly pine, cypress, elm, flam gold-rain, an evergreen shrub, phoenix tree, pagoda tree, and poplar. The reason to choose these trees is, no doubt, because of traditional rites and custom. Yet, this practice probably originated from their yearlong evergreen landscape, similar pronunciation of the concept to be conveyed, and their legendary use for warding off evil spirits, an association of auspicious indication, and the easy-growing nature of the plants. The significance and senses to plant and grow trees in the vicinity of burial grounds are possibly because of differentiating generations, family titles, inherited custom of plant worshiping, symbol of life and death, or Feng Shui concept for protecting decedents. Hence, by having the knowledge of common plants in graveyards and the comprehension of its cultural background, we may have better understanding of the mourning image these plants, including pine, cypress, aspen, Chinese catalpa, and an evergreen shrub, present in Chinese classical poetry.