山東濰縣拘留營的日常飲食面向：以英籍外僑的視角為中心（1943-1945）

Aspects of the Daily Diet in Weixian Internment Camp: The Perspective of British Nationals, 1943-1945

張勤瑩(Chang Ching-yin)

《近代史研究所集刊》 110期 (2020/12) Pp. 63-109

摘要

近年來，中外學界逐漸關注西方平民外僑的戰時經歷，並且運用日記、回憶錄、傳記及口述史，來分析他們的生活條件。相關討論中，鮮少專門從飲食面向深入探討這些以英籍為多數的外僑在拘留營內的處境。本文以山東濰縣拘留營的日常飲食為討論核心，分析這些英籍外僑的拘禁經驗及飲食記憶，勾勒拘留營生活的具體面貌。本文首先釐清幾個關於濰縣拘留營的基本問題：其一，日方管理該營的立場與作法？其二，拘留民群體在營內的生活概況為何？其三，飲食資源的分配如何影響拘留民群體在營內的行為？其次，本文從飲食層面分析濰縣拘留營的運作，主要涉及食材種類與來源、食材應用與料理方式、廚房運作與廚工職責，以及甜點社交等議題。最後，本文進一步論證日方允許下的自治權利，此可視為促成拘留民群體致力於維持濰縣拘留營良好運作的基礎；除了證明該營在性質上有別於納粹屠殺猶太人的集中營，同時也展現拘留民落實正常化秩序的方法。

關鍵字

濰縣拘留營 ； 配給制 ； 飲食記憶 ； 西方平民外僑 ； 敵國人集團生活所

並列摘要

Academic interest in British civilian internees and their experiences during World War II has recently grown. However, current research mainly analyzes the living conditions of these interned civilian aliens through diaries, memoirs, autobiographies, and oral history, and few studies focus on the diets of the inmates of internment camps. By focusing on the daily diet of the Weixian (Weihsien) Internment Camp in Shandong Province, this article contributes to our knowledge of the experience and memory of Western civilian internees, including what to eat, how to eat, and how diet reflected life in camp. To view the operations of the camp through the perspective of diet, this study highlights the following issues: food sources, preparation of food, cooking methods, kitchen duties of cooks, and making desserts to improve social life. This article focuses on three research questions. First, how did the Japanese manage the Weixian Camp? Second, what were the internees' living conditions in the camp? And third, how did distribution of food resources effect the behavior of internees? Their specific daily experiences demonstrate that their autonomy under Japanese authority was the key to the effective operation of the camp. This points to differences between the Weixian Camp and the Nazis' concentration camps, and also demonstrates how internees developed a mode of normalization for cooperating and maintaining their life in Weixian Camp.

並列關鍵字

Weixian (Weihsien) Internment Camp ； food rations ； diet memories ； Western civilian internees ； Civilian Assembly Center

參考文獻

Bruce, J. W. G. Birds in the Fowler’s Net: The Story of a Japanese Internment Camp. http://www.weihsien-paintings.org/BobMcKnight/txt/chefoo1.pdf (accessed April 20, 2016).

Dr. Eye Health, www.dreye-health.com (accessed June 5, 2018).

Galt, Howard S. “The Internment Camp at Weihsien, Shantung Province, China March- September, 1943.” http://www.weihsien-paintings.org/DonMenzi/ScrapBook/1943-Galt_Weihsien-1.pdf (accessed July 23, 2017).

Kuhn, Lt. Edward, Jr. “Weihsien Camp Internees Saw No Jap Atrocities.” The North China Marine, May 1946, http://www.weihsienpaintings.org/NormanCliff/Aftermath/TheNorthChinaMarine/txt_TheNorthChinaMarine.htm (accessed January 4, 2018).

McMullan-Murray, Gladys China Born. http://www.weihsien-paintings.org/NormanCliff/Diary/IdaChu/txt_Ida.htm (accessed November 7, 2017).